States vocabulary
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| Observational study | a study based on data with no manipulation used
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| retrospective study | subjects are selected and than their previous conditions or behaviors are determined. Not based on random sampling Focus on estimating differences between groups or associations between variables
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| prospective study | subjects are followed to observe future outcomes. No treatment are applied. Not an experiment. Focus on estimating differences among groups during the study
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| experiment | manipulates factor levels to create treatments, randomly assigns subjects to these treatments levels. Compares the responses of subject groups across treatments levels.
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| random assignment | an experiment must assign experimental units to treatment groups at random.
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| factor | a variable whose levels are controlled by the experimenter.
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| response | a variable whose values are compared across different treatments.
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| experimental units | individuals on whom an experiment is performed. Can be called subjects or participants
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| level | the specific values that the experimenter chooses for a factor
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| treatment | the process, intervention, or other controlled circumstance applied to randomly assigned experimental units. the Explanatory variable
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| Principles of experimental design | Control, Randomize, Replicate, Block
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| Control | make conditions as similar as possible for all treatment groups.
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| Randomize | equalize the effects of unkown or uncontrollable source of variation
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| Replicate | over as many subjects as possible. Results from a single subject are just anecdotes.
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| Block | the only difference in the control group and the experimental group is the 1 thing we are testing.
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| statistically significant | when an observed difference is too lrge for us to believe that it is likely to have occured naturally.
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| control group | the experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level.
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| Blinding | don't let the patient know if they are in the control group or the experimental group.
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| single-blind, double blind | these are two main classes of individuals who can affect the outcome of an experiment: those who could influence the results (subjects, technicians). Those who evaluate the results (juges, physicians)
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| placebo effect | people think they feel differently just because they know they are being tested
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| 2 ways to replicate | use several subjects, or replicate the entire experiment on another group
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| extraneous factors | factors that are not being experimented with but may be influencing the outcome. Eliminate this by blocking.
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| confounded variables | factors that can't be distinguished between which one is affecting the outcome.
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| placebo | a treatment known to have no effect.
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| match | reduces unwanted variation
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| 2 types of designs | completely randomized design, and randomized block design
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| completely randomized design | all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment
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| randomized block design | the randomization occurs only within blocks
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