Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Allogenic transplantation Clinical | Relative or unrelated person with close or identical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the donor.
High rate of mortality and morbidity because of GVHD or other coplications.
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| Bone marrow transplantation Graft-vs-host disease Clinical | Follows sae procedure as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation but uses bone marrow cells instead.
Graft-vs-host disease: immune reaction of donor cells to recipient's tissue. Patient's system is imunosupressed and cannot defend itself.
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| Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Clinical Treats | Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to patient.
Treats malignancies; first uses a stem cell immobolizing drug, then stem cells are removed. Next chemotherapy and radiation kill malignant bone marrow cells, deactivate immune sys
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| Bone marrow biopsy Bone marrow aspiration Diagnoses Clinical | Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.
Bone marrow aspiration: Bone marrow removed by syringe and suction.
Diagnoses blood disorders: anemia, pancytopenia, leukemia
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| Blood transfusion Testing deter. | Whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into patient.
Testing determines presence of hepatitis or HIV, AIDS beforehand
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| Autologous transfusion | Collection and reinfusion of patient's own blood or bkood components (stem cells/ bone marrow) removed during remission and administered after chemotherapy.
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| Packed cells | Preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasna- Given in severe anemia.
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| Apheresis Clinical | Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion of blood.
Plasma exchange: plasna removed from patient, fresh plasma given.
Can remove antibodies or toxic substances.
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| White blood cell differential Lab T | Percentages of different types of leukocytes in blood.
Counts neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, immature cells.
Shift to left: increase in immature neutrophils (blasts on left, mature cells on right). Indicates infection.
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| White blood cell count Normal | Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
Normal:5,000-10,000
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| Red blood cell morphology Analyizes for Lab T | Microscopic examination of stained blood smear to determine the shape of indivudal red cells.
Analyizes for anisocytosis, poikilcytosis, or sickle cells
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| Red blood cell count (RBC) Lab T Analyizes for | Number of erythrocytez per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
Normal: 4-6 million
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| Prothrombin time (PT) | Test of ability of blood to clot.
Monitors patients taking anticoagulants
Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT): measures other clotting factors, done at the same time as PT.
Prothrombin: one of clotting factors (II) made by liver.
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| Platelet count Lab T | Platelet count: number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microlitet of blood.
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| Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgh, HGB) | Total amount of hemoglobin in sample of peripheral blood.
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| Hematocrit (HCT) Lab T | Percentage of erythrocytes in volume of blood after spinning in a centrifuge; erythrocytes sink.
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| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Also called Dist. V B in an | Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
Also called Sed rate
Distance erythrocytes sink in a given period of time in a test tube (venous blood) in an anticoagulant.
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| Complete blood count Lab T | Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red bloid cell values (MCH, MCV, MCHC)
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| Coagulation time Time Lab T | Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube.
15 minutes or less normal
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| Bleeding time Time Uses S or I, a Lab T | Time required for Blood to stop flowing from tiny puncture wound.
8 minutes or less normal
Uses Simplate or Ivy methods, aspirin
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| Antiglobulin (Coombs) test Lab t | Test for antibodies present which coat and damage erythrocytes.
Used for infants of Rh- women and hemolytic anemia patients
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| Multiple myeloma BMD | Malignant neoplasm of bone arrow. Antibodies are produced, destroying bone tissue; cause immunoglobulins
S/S leads to osteolytic lesions, hypocalcemia, anemia, renal damage, infection suceptibility.
Can use autologous bone marrow transplantation
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| Bence Jones protein | Bence Jones Protein: immunoglobulin fragment found in urine. Found in multiple myeloma.
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| Mononucleosis Transmitted by, S/S, transmitted ny, treatment | Infectious disease marked by increased #'s of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged lymph nodes transmitted by Epstein-Barr virus.
S/S. Lymphadenitis, fever,fatigue, asthenia, pharyngitis, atypical lymphocytes.
Transmitted by salivary exchange during kiss
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| Granulocytosis Eosinophilia Basophilia Increase in WBCD | Abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood.
Eosinophilia: increase in eosinophilic granulocytes from allergies, asthma, or parasitic infections.
Basophilia: increase in basophilic granulocytes, seen in leukemia.
Increase in neutrophils= inflammation Or in
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| Leukemia S/S Little def. Treatment WBCD | Increase in cancerous white blood cells.
S/S: fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly.
Little defense against infection because normal blood cells crowded out.
Treatment: chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation
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| 4 types of Leukemia # 1 AML | 4 types of Leukemia # 1
Acute myeloid leukemia: (AML) IMMATURE granulocytes predominate. Platelets, erythrocytes diminished. (Large #'s of myeloid blasts).
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| 4 types of leukemia # 2: ALL | Acute lymphoid leukemia: immature lymphocytes predominate- sudden, seen in adolescents and children.
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| 4 types of leukemia # 3 CML | Chronic myeloid leukemia: both mature and immature granulocytes. Present in large numbers in bone marrow/ blood. Often affexts 55/ older. Slow progressive illness.
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| 4 types of leukemia # 4 CLL | Chronic lymphoid leukemia: Abnormal numbers of mostly mature lymphocytes predominate in bone marrow, lymphnodes, and spleen. Slow progressive; occurs in elderly usually.
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| Thrombocytopenic purpura BCLD | Patient makes antibody that destroys platelets; bleeding prolonged
Treatment: splenectomy and drug therapy
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| Purpura Petechiae Ecchymoses BCLD | Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
Petechiae: tiny purple or red flat spots in skin as result of hemorrhages.
Ecchymoses: larger, blue or purple patches on skin (body produces antiplatelets factor against platelets.)
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| Hemophilia Oft. Bleed Main BCLD | Excessive. Bleeding caused byhereditary lack of factors VIII and 1X necessary for blood clotting.
Often bleed into weight bearing joints, ankles and knees.
Mainly affects males (only one X chromosome, gene factors VIII and 1X are on X chromosome)
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| Pernicious anemia B. Requires Results in BCD | Lack of. Mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into bloodstream. Treated by b12 for life.
B12 requires intrinsic factor to Be absorbed. Normally found in hastric juice.
Results in Large, immature, weak and oval red Cells (Macr
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| Hemolytic anemia | Hemolytic anemia:
Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
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| Congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis) | Erythrocytes are spheroidical not biconcave, making them gragile and easily destroyed.
Results in increased reticulocytes as bone marrow has hemolysis of mature erythrocytes. Treated by spleen removal.
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| Aplastic anemia BCD | Faiure of blood cell production in bone marrow. Idiopathic
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| Pancytopenia | Stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes.
Treated by antibiotics and blood transfusions, bone marrow transplantation, and immune system inhibiting drugs
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| Anemia Iron deficiency anemia BCD | Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin production.
Iron deficiency anemia- most common: deficiency in iron, needed for hemoglobin production.
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| Sickle cell anemia Pres. Of Leads to S/S A/H | Herreditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes (cresent-shaped) and hemolysis. Presence of hemoglobin S in red cell.
Leads to thrombosis and infarction
S/S Athralgias, abdominal pain, ulcerations of extremities.
Africans/
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| Thalassemia Gene def. Leads to Medit/A BCD | Inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia.
Gene defect affects globin production.
Leads to Hypochromic anemia
Mediterranean/ Asians tendencies
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| Hemochromatosis S/S P, JP, F Leads to BCD | Excess iron deposits throughout body. Can be hereditary.
S/S Pigmentation, joint pain, fatigue
Leads to cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiac failure.
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| Polycythemia vera BCD | General increase in red blood cells. Erythremia, with viscous blood (thick)
S/S accompanied by Hyperplastic bone marrow, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis.
Treatment includes phlebotomy removal and myelotoxic drugs to supress red blood cell production.
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| Anisocytosis Hypochromia | Anisocytosis: cells unequal in size.
Hypochromia: reduced color, less hemoglobin in cells.
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| Macrocytosis Microcytosis | Macrocytosis: celks are large
Microcytosis: cells are small
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| Poikilcytosis Spherocytosis | Poikilcytosis: celks are irregularly shaped.
Spherocytosis: cells are spherical (not concave)
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| Stasis Suffix | Stop, control 6sa15w.
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| Poiesis Erythropoietin Suffix | Formation
Erythropoietin: produced by kidneys to stimulate erythrocyte formation.
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| Phoresis Suffix | Carrying, transmission
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| Philia Suffix | Attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
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| Phage Suffix Macrophage | Eat, swallow
Macrophage: large phahocyte that destroys worn out red blood cells and foreign material.
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| Penia Suffix | Deficiency
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| Osis Suffix | Abnormal condition
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| Oid Suffix | Derived from, originating from
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| Lytic Thrombolytic therapy Suffix | Pertaining to destruction
Thrombolytic therapy: used to dissolve clots
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| Globin Globulin Suffix | Protein
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| Gen Fibrinogen Suffix | Giving rise to, producing
Fibrinogen: a protein that forms the basis of a blood clot.
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| Emia Suffix | Blood condition
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| Platelet pheresis | Platelets are removed from donor's blood and used in a patient. Remainder of blood is reinfused into donor.
A is dropped
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| Blast Suffix | Immature or embryonic cell.
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| Apheresis vs phoresis Suffixes Electrophoresis | Apheresis:removal of red blood from donor with Portion separated and retained, remainder reinfused in donor.
Phoresis: transmission.
Electrophoresis: transmission of electricity to separate substances.
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| Cytosis Suffix Macrocytes | Abnormal condition of cells; increase in cells.
Macrocytes: erythrocytes that are enlarged.
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| Microcytosis | Erythrocytes are smaller than normal
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| Apheresis Suffix Plasmapheresis | Removal, a carrying away.
Plasmapheresis: centrifuge spins blood to remove plasma from other parts of blood.
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| Thromb/o | Clot
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| Spher/o Spherocytosis | Globe, round
Spherocytosis: erythrocyte is round, making cell fragile and easily able to be destroyed.
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| Sider/o | Iron
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| Kary/o | Nucleus
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| Leuk/o | White
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| Morph/o | Shape/ form
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| Myel/o | Bone marrow
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| Poikil Poikilcytosis | Varied, irregular
Poikilcytosis: irregularity in shape of red blood cells. Occurs in certain types of anemia.
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| Phag/o | Eat, swallow
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| Nucle/o | Nucleus
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| Neutr/o Neutropenia | Neutral (neither base nor acid)
Neutropenia: in neutrophils
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| Mon/o Monocyte | One, single
Monocyte: single nucleus cell
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| Is/o Anisocytosis Cytosis | Same, equal
Anisocytosis: abnormality of red blood cells; unequal in size.
Cytosis: increase in # of cells
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| Hemoglobin/o | Hemoglobin
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| Hemat/o Hematocrit | Blood
Hematocrit: (to separate = crit) gives the percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
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| Hem/o Hemolysis | Blood
Hemolysis: destruction, breakdown of red blood cells
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| Granul/o | Granules
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| Erythr/o | Red
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| Eosin/o | Red, dawn, rosy
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| Cyt/o | Cell
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| Coagul/o | Clotting
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| Chrom/o Hypochromic | Color
Hypochromic: marked by decreased concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
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| Bas/o Basophil | Base
Alkaline (opposite of acid)
Basophil: attracted to a basic dye (granules). Phil= attracted to.
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| Antibody (AB) | Specific protein (immuoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, and other antigens.
An antibody Is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.
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| Antigen | Substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody.
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| Bilirubin | Orange-yellow pigment in bile formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed.
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| Heparin | Anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells.
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| Myeloblast | Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes.
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| Prothrombin | Plasma protein, converted to thrombin in clotting process.
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| Reticulocyte | Immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining a cell with special dyes.
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| Serum Cl. Yell. | Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.
Clear yelliwish fluid that separates from blood when it clots. It is formed from plasma but doesn't contain protein-coagulation factors.
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| Stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell | Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms.
Hematopoietic stem cell: progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
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| Thrombin | Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
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| Thrombocyte | Platelet
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| Hematopoietic stem cells | Cells In bone marrow that give rise to all types of blood cells.
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| Differentiation Chan. In | Cells change size and shape from large, immature cells to small, mature forms and the cell shrinks (or disappears in red bloid cells).
Changes in structure and function as it matures, specialization.
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| Boconcave Sha. Is All. For | Shape of rex blood cells as it matures from erythroblast to erythrocyte; biconcave disk.
Shape is depressed or hollow surface each side of cell, resembling cough drop with thin central portion.
Allows for a large surface area so absorbtion/ release of g
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| Hemoglobin | Erythrocyte composed of heme (iron containing pigment) and globin (protein). Enables red blood cells to carry oxygen, which produces a bright red color when combined (O2 + hemoglobin).
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| Myeloid progenitor cells (give rise to) | Erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts, myeloblasts, monoblasts.
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| lymphoid progenitor cells (give rise to) | Lymphoblasts
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| Erythropoietin | Hormone secreted by kidneys, stimulates production of erythrocytes in bone marrow.
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| Macrophages How many They B D E | Monocyte that migrates from blood to tissue spaces, engulfs foreign materiak and debris as a phagocyte. Destroys worn-out red blood cells in liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
2-10 million destroyed each second, constantly replaced, 4-6 million maintained.
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| Heme Ir. In heme used | Releases iron after being broken down by macrophage cells and decomposes into bilirubin.
Iron in hemoglobin used again to form new erythrocytes or is stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow.
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| Granulocyte Mos. Num. | White blood cell with numerous dark staining granules; eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils.
Most numerous white blood cell.
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| Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) Eg.(2) | Proteins promote growth of granulocytes in bone marrow (white blood cells)
GM-CSF (granulocyte, macrophage CSF)
G-CSF (granulocyte CSF) both given to restore granulocyte oroduction in cancer patients.
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| Polymprphonuclear Ref. To | Granulocytes which have multiobed nuclei (all granulocytes do).
Refers to neutrophils most; most numerous granulocytes.
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| Mononuclear leukocytes Pertaining to Onl. | Contain one large nucleus.
Pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus, lymphocytes, monocytes.
Only a few granules. In cytoplasm.
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| Lymphocytes Can dir. Mon. | Made in bone marrow and lymphnodes and circulate in bloodstream and lymphatic system. Mononuclear leukocyte.
Can directly sttack foreign matter, make antibodies to sdesyroy antigens.
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| Immune reaction | Response of immune system to a foreign invasion.
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| Antigens | Bacteria, viruses
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| Monocytes Become A Le. | Phagocytic cells that fight disease.
Become macrophages, movong from bloodstream into tissues and disposing of dead/ dying cells and tissue debris by phagocytosis.
A leukocyte with one large nucleus.
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| Eosinophils Respon. to Ass. W/ | Granulocytes with eosin, red acidic dye. Granulocyte, white Blood cell.
Respond to parasitic infections and a phagocyte that engulfs substances that trigger allergic reactions. (Associated with).
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| Basophils Gran. Cont. Assoc. W/ | Granules stain dark blue with basic (alkaline) dye. Granulocyte, white blood cell.
Granules contain heparin (anticlotting) and histamine (alkergic. Chemical response), which they release.
(Associated with allergic reactiins.)
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| Neutrophils Ph. That Ph. T-f cell Also. call. | Neutral atain, pale color, granulocyte white blood cell formed un bone marrow.
Phagocytesrhat accumulate at infection sites, where they ingest and destroy bacteria.
Phagocyte tissue-fighting cell.
Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
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| Megakaryocytes | Giant cells with multilobed nuclei that form platelets in bone marrow.
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| 4 plasma proteins | Albumin, globulins, fibrinogens, prothrombin.
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| Albumin | Maintains proper proportion and concentration of water in blood, contained in plasma, a protein.
Prevents water from leaving blood and leaking out into tissue spaces.
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| Edema Occurs | Swelling results when too much fkuid from blood leaks out into tissues.
Occurs with excess sodium intake, which causes water rwtention and leakage from overflow, and when burning occurs, which results in loss of albumin from capillaries anf thus loss of w
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| Globulins | Plasma protein, such as alpha, beta, and gamma.
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| Immunoglobulins | Immunoglobulins
Antibodies that bind to and sometimesdestroy antigens (gamma globulins), proteins.
(Immuno= protection)
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| Electrophoresis Elect. | Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
Electrical current passes rhrough plasma solution, separating plasma proteins.
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| Blood Transp. | Purpose: maintains constant environment for body tissues.
Transports nutrients, gases, gaseous waste (to lungs), chemical waste (to kidneys), hormones (to distant sites from glands) from body cells.
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| Blood # 2 | Nutrients from digested foods pass into cells lining. Small intestines and are carried to all body parts from blood.
Contains proteins, white blood cells, antibodies, platelets for clotting.
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| Packed red blood cells | Whole blood with most of plasma removed, given to severely anemic patients who need only red blood cells (during a transfusion).
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| Hemolysis | Breakdown of red blood cells.
Happens during an incompatible blood transfusion.
Can be followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation (life-threatening).
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| Rh factor | Rh factor
Antigen on red blood cells of Rh+ individuals
Rh- no antigen
A+ antigen and Rh antigen
B- B antigen, no Rh antigen.
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| Platelet | Small blood fragmant that collects at sites of injury to begins clotting process.
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| Cell | Formed elements
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| Plasma | Clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood (suspends blood), contsins water, salts, proteins, nutrients, lipids, hormones, vitamins.
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| Plasmapheresis BS spun Coll. Cells Fr. Froz. | Process of separating plasma from cells and removing plasma from patient.
Blood sample spun in Centrifuge machine, moving plasma to top. (Lighter)
Collected cells are retransfused back to donor. Fresh frozen plasma or salt solution replaces withdrawn pl
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| Fibrin | Proteins that form basis of a blood clot.
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| Fibrinogen | Forms a fibrin clot. A plasma protein. It forms it by trapping red blood cells.
The clot retracts into a tight ball, leabing behind serum- a clear fluid.
Converted to finrin in clotting process.
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| Coagulation | Blood clotting.
Clots do not form in blood vessels normally unless damaged vessels or impeded flow of blood.
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| Anticoagulant substances | In blood, inhibit blood clotting.
Heparin is produced by liver (AC)
Warfarin is a drug used (AC)
NOAC's (New oral anticoagulants) inhibit blood clotting factors such as
Thrombin.
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| ABO, ABMT, Ab | ABO: 4 main blood types, ABMT: autologous bone marrow transplantation: patient is own donor of stem cells, Ab: antibody.
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| CBC, baso, bands, ASCT, ANC | CBC: Complete blood count, baso: basophils, bands: immature white blood cells, ASCT: autologous stem cell transplantation, ANC: absolute neutrophil count: total WBC X # of bands and segs present in blood.
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| EPO, eos, EBV, diff, DIC | Erythropoietin, eosinophils, Epstein-Barr virus, diff: differential count, DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulatio: bleeding disorder marked by reduction in blood clotting factors due to their use and depletion
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| GM-CSF, G-CSF, ESR | Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor: promotes myeloid proginator cells to granulocytes with differentiation, G-CSF: Granulocyte colony stimulating factor- promotes neutrophil production, ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
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| Hgb HGB, HCL, G/dL | Hemoglobin, HCL: hairy cell leukemia: abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in Bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, infection, g/dL: gram per deciliter (1/10 of a liter).
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| Lymphs, ITP, FgA, IgD, IgE, IgU, IgM, H and H | Lymphocytes, ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immunoglobulins, H and H: hemoglobin and hematocrit
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| MCV, MCHC | Mean corpuscular volume:average volume or size of a single red blood cell. When MCV is high, macrocyte; low, microcyte, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration: average concentration of hemoglobin in sungle red bloodcell. When low, hyochromic.
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| Polys PMNS PMNLS, mono, MDS | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), mono: monocyte, MDS: Myelodysplastic symdrome: preleukemic condition.
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| Sed rate, RBC, PTT, PT protime | Sed rate: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, RBC: red blood cell or red blood cell Count, PTT: partial thromboplastin time, PT protime: prothromnin time
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| WNL, SMAC, segs | Within normal limits, Sequential multiple analyzer computer: automated chemistry system that determines substances in serum, segs: segmented, mature white blood cells (neutrophils).
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| Why is O blood used to donate most? | Type O blood does not have A and B red cell antigens and will therefore not react with antibodies in any recipient's bloodstream.
It does contain Anti A and Anti B antibodies, but are diluted when transfused and do not cause reactions.
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| Serum antibodies blood types: A, B, AB, O | A: yes, anti B antibody, B: yes, anti A antibody, A & B: No A or B antibodies, O: yes, both A and Antibodies.
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| Blood cell types red cell antigens: A, B, AB, O | A: yes A antigen, B: yes B antigen, A & B: Yes, both A and B antigens, O: neither A nor B red cell antigens.
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|
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