Lab Test 1 Part 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| explain how capsule is visualized without the use of eyes that adhere to the capsule | show 🗑
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| show | The capsule can inhibit phagocytosis of pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae by white blood cells. The capsule also facilitates the attachment of bacterial cells to solid surfaces.
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| show | Capsules are composed of polysaccharides or proteins.
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| show | Streptococcus mutans forms a capsule that allows the bacterium to attach to the surface of a tooth. This results in the formation of a biofilm called plaque.
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| show | Because the capsule inhibits the immune system (see #1) and facilitates attachment to host cells/tissues, it has a greater capacity to cause disease. Any factor that increases the capacity to cause disease is called a virulence factor.
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| show | Heat causes the capsule to shrink because of the loss of water. Therefore, the student will probably not see a capsule in their stain.
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| show | are molecules produced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that add to their effectiveness and enable them to achieve the following: colonization of a niche in the host immunoevasion, evasion of the host's immune response.
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| show | Endospores are resting stages that allow bacteria to survive conditions unfavorable for growth.
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| external structure on the endospore acts as a protective barrier? what is its composition? | show 🗑
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| show | Endospores contain 1030% of the water found in vegetative cells.
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| what is the mordant in the spore stain | show 🗑
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| show | Nutrient depletion is usually the stimulus for endospore production.
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| show | Endospores must be exposed to 121°C, 15 psi of steam pressure for at least 1520 minutes. These conditions are achieved in an autoclave.
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| show | After Gram staining, the endospore is colorless. After the endospore stain, it is green.
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| what is the secondary stain in the spore stain? | show 🗑
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| color of the vegetative cell after spore stain? | show 🗑
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| of these three hrnerp of bacteria which does not produce endospores? clostridium, mycobacterium or bacillus? | show 🗑
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| show | Endospores are not reproductive structures, as there are no offspring created during the process.
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| show | Various answers are correct. Examples include botulism, tetanus, C. diff, food poisoning, etc.
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| show | Acid-fast cells (M. smegmatis) will be pink to red; non–acid-fast cells (S. epidermidis) will be blue.
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| what makes mycobacterium resistant to staining | show 🗑
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| show | Some Nocardia are acid-fast.
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| show | The primary stain in the Ziel-Neelsen method is carbolfuchsin, and basic fuchsin in the Kinyoun method.
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| show | The secondary stain in the acid-fast stain is methylene blue.
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| in the ziehl-neelsen acid fast stain what is the mordant? | show 🗑
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| if you conducted an acid fast stain on a sputum sample from a person with TB what would you expect to see on the slide | show 🗑
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| show | The Kinyoun method does not use heating in the procedure, and therefore noxious phenol fumes are not released
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| what are chromophores | show 🗑
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| show | Basic and acidic dyes differ in their charges, and therefore, they will be attracted to different parts of a slide when used to stain a specimen.
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| show | Acidic dyes are negatively charged, and therefore, they are repelled by negatively charged bacterial cells. Instead, they stain the background of a slide.
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| crystal violet is an example of what type of stain? | show 🗑
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| what is meant by palisade arrangement of cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Simple staining only indicates the shape, size, and arrangement of a bacterial species. Many different species have similar characteristics, and therefore, this would not be enough to determine the species
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| show | Streptococci are ovoid cells that occur in pairs or chains; yeasts are large ovoid cells that have characteristic buds
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| how would you differentiate between oral streptococci yeast and spirochaetes in your sample? | show 🗑
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| show | spherical cells,.
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| show | will be large rods
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| show | Negative stains have negatively charged chromophores and are repelled by negatively charged bacterial cells.
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| show | Nigrosin and India ink are examples of negative stains.
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| show | Heat fixation is normally omitted when determining dimensions of bacterial cells because heat will cause cells to shrink.
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| show | Negative stains can demonstrate capsules.
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| S. aureus should be | show 🗑
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| P. aeruginosa should be | show 🗑
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| E. coli should be | show 🗑
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| show | very large purple (gram-positive) bacilli with or without clear spots representing spores (depends on age of the culture) in pairs or chains
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| M. catarrhalis should be | show 🗑
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| why is the gram stain considered a differential stain | show 🗑
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| how do gram positive and gram negative differ in cellular structure and how does this contribute to their differential staining properties part 1 | show 🗑
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| show | in the presence of the decolorizer as compared to gram-negative cell, which has a thin layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall.
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| how does the age of culture affect the gram stain reaction what is an optimum culture age for a valid gram reaction? | show 🗑
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| show | The decolorizer step is very important because it is the step in which the cells become differentiated (gram-positive cells are purple and gram-negative cells are colorless).
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| show | If too much decolorizer is used, gram-positive cells will lose the primary stain and be counterstained pink. If too little decolorizer is used, gram-negative cells will not lose the primary stain and will remain purple after counterstaining
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| show | mordant is used to form a complex with the primary stain, allowing it to become trapped or fixed into bacteria with certain structural properties.
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| show | In the Gram stain, Gram’s iodine is used to form a complex with crystal violet, trapping it into gram-positive cells (and therefore, they are purple even after decolorization
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| its the reagents of the gram stain technique in order and their general role in the staining process | show 🗑
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| what type of cell would you find lipoplusaccharide in its cell wall? gram negative or gram positive? | show 🗑
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Created by:
zachflemings