History and Approaches
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| Plato | Regarding the origins of knowledge, believed we are the product of nature.
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| Socrates | Believed the mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.
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| Aristotle | Concluded that knowledge results from memories of our experiences; regarding the origins of knowledge, believed we are the product of nurture.
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| Rene Descartes | Believed our brain controlled our reflexes through brain fluid and “animal spirits”.
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| Empiricism | Knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
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| John Locke | Theorized that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa or a “blank slate”.
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| Wilhelm Wundt | Established the first psychological laboratory. Attempted to investigate the simplest mental processes by gathering data through lab experiments. His work involved experimental studies of reactions to sensory stimulation.
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| Structuralism | The first school of psychology that focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using the method of introspection.
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| Functionalism | A school of psychology that focused attention on the adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
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| William James | An American that authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology.
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| Introspection | The self-reflective observation of one’s own sensations and feelings. Titchener used the method to study people’s inner sensations and mental images; elements of sensory experience.
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| Mary Calkins | The first female president of the American Psychological Association.
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| Margaret Washburn | The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.
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| Behaviourism | From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of observable behaviour.
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| Humanistic Psychology | Psychologists that concentrate on current environmental influences on healthy growth potential.
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| Psychoanalytic Psychology | Emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behaviour. Focus on childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes.
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| Cognitive Psychology | Involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of mental processes. Increasing focus was placed on observable behaviours in conjunction with brain activity and structure.
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| Psychology | Contemporary psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.
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| Nature-Nurture Issue | A long running debate that explores what makes us who we are; are we the product of genes (nature) or our environment (nurture)? Contemporary psychologists believe that “nurture works on what nature endows.”
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| Natural Selection | The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment.
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| Charles Darwin | Emphasized the: inheritance of behavioural characteristics and reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits.
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| Biopsychosocial Approach | A model stating that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a significant role in human functioning. It explores behaviour within the larger framework of multiple levels of analysis.
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| Biological Perspective | Concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviours and mental states.
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| Cognitive Perspective | Focuses on how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. It is concerned with the unique ways individuals interpret their experiences.
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| Evolutionary Perspective | Highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits.
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| Psychodynamic Perspective | Emphasizes unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysts focus on childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes.
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| Behavioural Perspective | Focuses on how we learn observable responses.
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| Social-Cultural Perspective | Seeks to understand human behaviour by examining the rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is a member.
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| Biological Psychology | Concerned with the intersection between biology and psychology, between brain activity and mental states.
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| Developmental Psychology | Focuses on human growth throughout the lifespan.
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| Cognitive Psychology | Studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn.
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| Personality Psychology | Looks at the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that make a person unique.
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| Social Psychology | Focuses on social influences, perception, and interaction. Topics include: attitudes, aggression, prejudice, etc.
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| Industrial Psychology | Concerned with the study of workplace behaviour.
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| Clinical Psychology | Focuses on the diagnoses and treatment of people with psychological disorders.
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| Educational Psychology | Concerned with the scientific study of human learning.
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| Human Factors Psychology | A scientific discipline which examines human behaviour capabilities in order to find the best way to design products.
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| Psychometrics | The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
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| Positive Psychology | The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.
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| Community Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
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| Psychiatrist | A physician who specializes in psychiatry; the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. Have a medical degree.
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