chapter 9
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| There are about ______ different muscles making up the human body. | 600
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| Muscles make up ____ to ____ of the body's weight | 40% to 50%
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| Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal muscles are all derived from ________ mesoderm | Embryonic
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| The individual muscle cell is often referred to as a ________ fiber | Muscle
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| Our muscles are not actively undergoing ____ until we die, They reproduce for only a short time after _____ | Mitosis - Birth
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| The process ofl osing muscle tissue and replacing it with connective tissue is called | Atrophy
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| The most abundant type of muscle in the body is_______ muscle | Skeletal
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| _____ is the energy molecule used to provide power for muscle contractions | ATP
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| ______ muscle has rapid, short term contractions. | Skeletal
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| Characteristics of smooth or visceral muscle | Involuntary - contracts slowly & maintains a long period of contraction - Each muscle cell does not have to be individually stimulated
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| Skeletal muscle tissue is characterized as being | Striated - Voluntary - and contain many nuclei
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| _______ electrically insulates muscle fibers from each other. | Endomysium
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| ______ is a source of glucose for cellular respiration in mucsle cells | Glycogen
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| Energy for muscle contraction is directly supplied by | ATP
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| ______ is where the cross bridge flexes, pulling the filament inward toward the center of the sarcomere | Powerstroke
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| The correct sequence of structures starting with the outside moving inward is | Whole muscle - Fascicles - Muscle fiber - myofibril - myofilament
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| _________ is the most immediately available source of energy for rebuliding ATP within muscle cells | Creatine-phosphate
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| The connective tissue which immediatley surrounds a muscle is ________ | Epimysium
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| The connective tissue ______ divides the muscle into fascicles. | Perimysium
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| Bundles of muscle cells within the muscle are | Fascicles
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| Our entire skeletal muscle is covered with connective tissue called | Epimysium
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| The more fixed end of attachment of muscle to bone is the | Origin
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| The striations seen in skeletal muscles are formed by overlapping _____ and ____ filaments | Actin - Myosin
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| Each muscle cell has a cell membrane called the | Sarcolemma
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| The form of hemiglobin in muscle cells is | Myoglobin
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| Hundreds of thousands of ____ make up a single muscle fiber | Myofibrils
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| The region of the myofibril between the two z lines that is the contractile unit of a muscle cell is called a | Sacromere
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| The thin contractile protein in a myofibril is | Actin
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| ______ attach muscle to bone | Tendons
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| The movement of the myofilaments in a muscle is what actaully produces the muscle ___ | Contraction
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| Each end of a _____ is marked with a Z disc | Saromere
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| The bands within a muscle fiber which contain only actin filaments are the ___ bands | I
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| The bright red color of skeletal muscle is due to ______ | Myoglobin
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| The plasma membrane if a muscle is the ______ | Sarcolemma
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| The regions of a sarcomere where actin and myosin overlap is the ___ band | A
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| The tail is the part of the myosin molecule that has a hinge which allows vertical movement so that the cross bridge can bind to____ | Actin
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| The two kinds of myofilaments foudn within a muscle cell are _____ and _____ | Actin - Myosin
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| _____ does NOT allow the tropomyosin to move over, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin | ATP
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| _____ has binding sites that myosin can attach too | Actin
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| ATP is required in muscle contractions to transport _____ back to the terminal | Ca++
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| During contraction of skeletal muscle fibers, Ca++ binds to the protein called | Troponin
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| After the vesicles of Kuhne rupture, the correct sequence of events is - | 1.Ach pours out - 2.ACh bonds to receptor sites on the sarcolemma 3. the sarcolemma begins to depolarize
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| The movement of sodium ions causes _______ of the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber after neural stimulation at the myoneural junction. | Depolarization
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| binding sites for ATP and _____ are the two important binding sites found on the cross bridge of myosin | Actin
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| ______ is NOT a part of the thin filament | Myosin
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| The two main types of protein found within the muscle fiber which are responsible for contraction are | Actin - Myosin
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| Characteristics of myosin | Thick filaments - composed of proteins - attaches to actin
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| Characteristics of Actin | Thin Filaments - composed of protein - attaches with myosin to cause muscle contraction and relaxation
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| Actin and Myosin are normally inhibited from bonding to each other by | Troponin/tropomyosin
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| The 2 heads are part of the Myosin molecule that is called the | Cross bridge
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| The _______ is the part of the myosin molecule that provides the power stroke for muscle contraction | Cross bridge
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| _____ covers the cross bridge binding sites on actin | Tropomyosin
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| Contraction and relaxation of a muscle will continue as long as the concentration of ____ remains high enough to inhibit troponin,troposin from rejoining actin, and ATP is available | Calcium
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| _____ is responsible for uncovering the cross bridge binding sites on the actin molecule when Ca++ is present | Troponin
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| When Ca++ binds to _____ and attaches to tropomyosin it causes the tropomyosin molecule to expose the actin binding sites | Troponin
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| The action potential is carried deep within the muscle fiber by way of the | T-tubule
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| The bonding of actin to myosin activates an enzyme called | ATpase
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| The space between a nerve and muscle tissue it is innervating is called the _____ junction | Neuromyscular/myoneural
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| The specific place where a motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell is a _____ junction | Neuromusclar
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| The sarcoplasmic veticulum is made of specific parts called terminal cisternae and | Longitudinal portion
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| A group of one T-tubule lying between adjacent terminal cisternae forms a | Triad
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| Invaginations of the sarcolemma that project deep in the cell are | T- tubules
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| The theory of how muscle actaully contract is known as the _________ theory | Sliding filament
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| Sac-like regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that contain calcium ions are | Terminal cisternae
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| The interconnecting tubules of endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril are | Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| When action potential is sent down the sarcolemma and it is carried wihin the muscle fiber, it causes_______ to leave the pores of sarcolemma and move inward | Ca - Calcium
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| The ______________ is the specific site where a nerve fiber makes contact with a muscle cell | Neuromuscular junction
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| The expanded, sac-ike portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum where most of the calcium is stored are known as the ______ or _________ | Ternimal Cisternae / Lateral Sac
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| During the contraction of skeletal muscle __ discs move closer together | Z
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| The loss of muscle mass from disuse is | Atrophy
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| The two main structures that are abundanat at the terminal end of a axon are _______ and vesicles of _______ | Mitrochondria - Kuhne
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| We get the majority of our energy molecules from | Aerobic resperation
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| In order for a muscle to relax calcium must be absorbed and _____ must be available | ATP
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| The charge on the outer side of our muscle cell membrance is is not always______ | Positive
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| The specific event that causes the motor end plate to becomedepolarized and an action potentail to be initiated on the sarcolemma is _______ binds to receptor sites on the motor end plate | Acetylocholine
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| Skeletal muscle cells are _______ cells with _____ and have multiple ______ around the periphery of the cell | unbranched - striations - nuclei
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| When an action potential is propagated down the sarcolemma it causes the muscle fiber to | Deploarize
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| If a posion inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase, a muscle may be unable to | Relax
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| It is impossible to get muscle to contract again if the same stimulus is applied while the muscle is in the ________ phase | Refractory
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| The resting membrane potential is a nerve due mainly to the outward diffusion of | K+ - potassium
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| After the synaptic vesicles repture this is the correct sequence of events - | 1. ACH pours out 2. ACH bonds to receptor sites on the sarcolemme 3.The sarcolemma begins to depolarize
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| Thin filaments slide past the thick filaments and the sarcomere shortens. This is called the | Sliding filament theory
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| All of the following are effects of exercise | 1. increased respiration - 2. increased ciculation 3. increased body temperature
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| The region within a sarcomere where actin from adjacent sarcomeres connect is the ___ line | Z
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| The cell membrane pores of our excitable tissues are lined with positively charged _____ ions | Calcium
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| The specific event that causes calcium ions to be released from the terminal cisternae is ____ potentail arrives at the muscle cell | Action
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| The specific event that causes acetylcholine to be released into the synaptic cleft is ________ of synaptic vesicles | Exocytosis
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| The specific event that stimulates the synaptic vesicles to fuse the axon membrane is the ______ ion influx into the ____ terminal | Calcium - Axon
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| The events of muscle contraction are | 1.Calcium ions are released from terminal cysternae - 2.cALCIUM IONS BIND TO TROPONIN - 3. Tropomyosin moves away from the muosin binding
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| The events of muscle contraction in the correct order - | 1. Action potential arrives at the axon terminal. 2. The motor end plate becomes deplorized. 3. Synaptic vesicles fuse to the membrane of axon terminal 4. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.
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| continued | 5. Action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma. 6. Action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules
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| As long as ACH remains on the sarcolemma depolarization cannot occur (FALSE) | FALSE
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| The charge on our cell membrane is created maily by the distribution of all the followinf EXCEPT | Sodium
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| A stimulus that is less than what is needed to cause contraction is | Sub threshold
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| Most ______ muscles work in pairs | Skeletal
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| After a muscle fiber has exhausted its store of ATP and creatine phosphate it switched to_________ as a form of energy | Anaerobic
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| Your _____ muscle is composed of many motor units | Biceps
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| Our_____ muscle does not respond to the principal all or none | Biceps
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| A group of muscle cells innervated by a single neuron is called a | Motor unit
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| A ______ unit is a one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it/ | Motor
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| A _____ units responds to the prinicpal all or none | Motor
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| All motor units do not have the same | Threshold
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| Calcium ions are actively transported back into terminal cisternae during the phase of muscle twitch called _______ period | Relaxation
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| The specific meurotransmitter that is released from the terminal end of an axon is | Acetylcholine - ACH
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| An oxygen debt is created when the body carries out ________ respiration | Anaerobic
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| The strength of a muscle contraction is determined by the _______ of motor units stimulated, the ______ of the stimulus, and the _______ of the stimulus | Number - strength - frequency
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| During the ______ perios of muscle twitch the sarcolemma and t- tubules depolarize | Latent
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| During the ______ period of muscle twitch the myosin cross bridge cycling causes sarcomeres to shorten | Contractile
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| During the _____ period of muscle twitch the muscle returns to its original length | Relaxation
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| _______________ is usually the result of anaerobic respiration resulting in the build up of lactic acid | Muscle fatigue
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| Characteristics of fast twitch fibers in Skeletal muscle | Higher fatigability - fewer mitrochondria - fewer capillary content
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| Myosin and actin filaments do not _____ during muscle contraction | Shorten
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| In _____ the muscle relaxes totally between stimulations | Treppe
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| When muscle stays contracted with no apparent relaxation it is | Complete tetanus
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| Tiny impulses coming from the spinal column. whinch constantly stumulate a few of our muscles creates _________ | Muscle tone
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| The type of muscle contraction in which the tension remains the same but the length of the muscle changes which allows work to be done is | Isotonic
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| In ______ the strength of contractions decreases with eah stimulation | Fatigue
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| ___________ is the energy production pathway that is the most important in the activity of warming up | Cratine Phosphate
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| When a 2nd stimulus of the same intensity is applied to a muscle before the completion of the relaxation period of the 1st stimulus resulting in increased muscle tension it is called | Tempral Summation
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| Aerobic respiration yields ____ atp molecules | 36
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| When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from | Creatine Phosphate
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| Anaerobic muscle cell respiration produces _______ from pyruvic acide when oxygen is unavailable for aerobic respiratory use | Lactic acid
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| The _____ cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the _____ of muscle cells | Krebs - mitrochondria
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| The end product of the glycolytic pathway is 2 molecules of | Pyruvic acid
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| The _____ cycle and _____ phosphorylation are capable of generating the greatest quanity of ATP | Krebs - Oxidative
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| The Krebs cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation are the energy production pathways most imoirtant in the activity of | jogging for a long distance
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| _______ capillaries are characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers | Many
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| _____ quanities of myoglobin are characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers | Large
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| White fibers are also called | Fast twitch muscle fibers
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| Red fibers are also called | Slow twitch muscle fibers
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| ________ are capable of prolonged activity | Slow twitch muscle fibers
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| ATP, mainly from glycolysis is the primary energy source in | Fast twitch muscle fibers
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| Groups of muscle cells innervated by one motor neuron are | Motor units
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| The ____ cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are the enegy production pathways most important in the activity of postural muscle tone | Krebs
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| The inability to maintain tension in a muscle even when all the motor units are firing is | Muscle fatigue
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| A common cause od muscle fatigue is the accumulation of | Lactic acid
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| _______ is the energy production pathway that is most important in the activity of very fast sprinting for a short distance | Glycolysis
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| The stimluation of additional motor units for increased strength of contraction is | Recruitment
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| The function of asynchronous muacle contraction is to maintain | Muscle tone
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| A muscle would become ______if all the motor neurons to that muscle are cut | Flaccid
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| A weak spot in the msucle wall that allow the unerlying viscera to protrude through is referred to as a | Hernia
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| An involuntary continous contraction without relaxation is a | Muscle Cramp
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| Muscle A contains 15,000 muscle cells and 50 motor neurons -- how many muscle cells are in each motor unit | 300 - 15,0000 / 50
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| Muscle A has 15,0000 muscle cells and 50 motor neurons - Muscle B has 3,000 cells and 300 motor neurons - Which would be expected to contract with precise control as eye movement | B
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