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Fundamental Accounting Definitions 1 of 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Answer
show Method that produces larger depreciation charges in the early years of an asset's life and smaller charges in its later years  
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show Record within an accounting system in which increases and decreases are entered stored in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue, or expense  
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show Difference between total debits and total credits (including the beginning balance) for an account  
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Account Form Balance Sheet   show
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Account Payable   show
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show Information and measurement system that identifies, records, and communications relevant information about a company's business activities  
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Accounting Cycle   show
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Accounting Equation   show
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Accounting Information System   show
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show Length of time covered by financial statements also called reporting period  
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Accounts Payable Ledger   show
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Accounts Receivable   show
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show Subsidiary ledger listing individual customer accounts  
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Accounts Receivable Turnover   show
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Accrual Basis Accounting   show
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show Costs incurred in a period that are both unpaid and unrecorded; adjusting entries for recording accrued expenses involve increasing expenses and increasing liabilities  
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Accrued Revenues   show
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show Cumulative sum of all depreciation expenses recorded for an asset  
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show Ration used to access a company's ability to settle its current debts with its most liquid assets; defined as a quick assets (cash, short-term investments, and current receivables) divided by current liabilities  
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show List of accounts and balances prepared after period-end adjustments are recorded and posted  
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Adjusting Entry   show
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show Process of classifying accounts receivable by how long they are past due for purposes of estimating uncollectible accounts  
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show Contra asset account with a balance approximating uncollectible accounts receivable; also called Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts  
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Allowance Method   show
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show Process of allocating the cost of an intangible asset to expense over its estimated useful life  
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show Financial statements covering a one-year period; often based on a calendar year, but any consecutive 12-month (or 52-week) period is acceptable  
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Annual Report   show
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show Series of equal payments at equal intervals  
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Assets   show
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Audit   show
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Bad Debts   show
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Balance Column Account   show
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show Financial statement that lists types and dollar amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific date  
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show Report that explains the difference between the book (company) balance of cash and the cash balance reported on the bank statement  
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show Bank report on the depositor's beginning and ending cash balances, and a listing of its changes, for a period  
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show Accumulating source documents for a period of time and then processing them all at once such as once a day, week, or month  
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Betterments   show
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Book Value   show
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Business   show
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Business Entity Principle   show
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C Corporation   show
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Canceled Checks   show
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Capital Expenditures   show
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show Record the cost as part of a permanent account and allocate it over later periods  
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show Includes currency, coins, and amounts on deposit in bank checking or savings accounts  
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Cash Basis Accounting   show
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show Special journal normally used to record all payments of cash; also called cash payments journal  
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Cash Discount   show
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Cash Equivalents   show
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show Income statement account used to record cash overages and cash shortages arising from errors in cash receipts or payments  
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show Special journal normally used to record all receipts of cash  
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Change in an Accounting Estimate   show
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Chart of Accounts   show
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show Document signed by a depositor instructing the bank to pay a specified amount to a designated recipient  
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Check Register   show
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show Balance sheet that presents assets and liabilities in relevant subgroups, including current and noncurrent classifications  
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show Entries recorded at the end of each accounting period to transfer end-of-period balances in revenue, gain, expense, loss, and withdrawal (dividend for a corporation) accounts to the capital account (to retained earnings for a corporation)  
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Closing Process   show
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Columnar Journal   show
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show Corporation's basic ownership share; also generically called capital stock  
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show Information system principle that prescribes an accounting system to conform with a company's activities, personnel, and structure  
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Components of Accounting Systems   show
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show Journal entry that affects at least three accounts  
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show Physical equipment in a computerized accounting information system  
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Computer Network   show
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show Programs that direct operations of computer hardware  
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Conservatism Principle   show
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Consignee   show
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Consignor   show
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Consistency Principle   show
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Contingent Liability   show
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Contra Account   show
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show Information system principle that prescribes an accounting system to aid managers in controlling and monitoring business activities  
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show General ledger account, the balance of which (after posting) equals the sum of the balances in its related subsidiary ledger  
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Copyright   show
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Corporation   show
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show All normal and reasonable expenditures necessary to get an asset in place and ready for its intended use  
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Cost of Goods Available for Sale   show
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Cost of Goods Sold   show
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show Accounting principle that prescribes financial statement information to be based on actual costs incurred in business transactions  
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show Information system principle that prescribes the benefits from an activity in an accounting system outweigh the costs of that activity  
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show Recorded on the right side; an entry that decreases asset and expense accounts, and increases liability, revenue, and most equity accounts abbreviated Cr.  
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Credit Memorandum   show
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Credit Period   show
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Credit Terms   show
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Creditors   show
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show Cash and other assets expected to be sold, collected, or used within one year of the company's operating cycle, whichever is longer  
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show Obligations due to be paid or settled within one year or the company's operating cycle, whichever is longer  
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show Portion of long-term debt due within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer; reported under current liabilities  
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show Ratio used to evaluate a company's ability to pay its short-term obligations, calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities  
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show Date the directors vote to pay a divided  
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show Date the corporation makes the dividend payment  
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show Estimate of number of days needed to convert inventory into receivables or cash; equals ending inventory divided by cost of goods sold and then multiplied by 365; also called days' stock on hand  
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show Measure of the liquidity of receivables computed by dividing the current balance of receivables by the annual credit (or net) sales and then multiplying by 365; also called days' sales in receivables  
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show Recorded on the left side; an entry that increases asset and expense accounts, and decreases liability ,revenue, and most equity accounts; abbreviated Dr.  
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show Notification that the sender has debited the recipient's account in the sender's records  
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Debit Ratio   show
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show Individuals or organizations that owe money  
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show Method that determines depreciation charge for the period by multiplying a depreciation rate (often twice the straight-line rate) by the asset's beginning-period book value  
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Deferred Income Tax Liability   show
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Depletion   show
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Deposit in Transit   show
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Deposit Ticket   show
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show Cost of a plant asset less its salvage value  
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Depreciation   show
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Direct Write-Off Method   show
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Discount Lost   show
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show Difference between face value of note payable and the (lesser) amount borrowed; reflects the added interest to be paid on the note over its life  
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Discount Period   show
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show Expected rate of return on investments; also called cost of capital, hurdle rate, or required rate of return  
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show Corporate income is taxed and then its later distribution through dividends is normally taxed again for shareholders  
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show Depreciation equals beginning book value multiplied by 2 times the straight-line rate  
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Double-Entry Accounting   show
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show Use of electronic communication to transfer cash from one party to another  
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Employee Benefits   show
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Employee Earnings Report   show
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software   show
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Entity   show
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show Abbreviation for end of month; used to describe credit terms for credit transactions  
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show Owner's claim on the assets of a business; equals the residual interest in an entity's asset after deducting liabilities; also called net assets  
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Estimated Liability   show
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show Codes of conduct by which actions are judged as right or wrong, fair or unfair, honest or dishonest  
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show Happenings that both affect an organization's financial position and can be reliably measured  
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Expanded Accounting Equation   show
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Expenses   show
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show Exchanges of economic value between one entity and another entity  
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show Persons using accounting information who are not directly involved in running the organization  
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Extraordinary Repairs   show
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show Bank authorized to accept deposits of amounts payable to the federal government  
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show Taxes assessed on both employers and employees; for Social Security and Medicare programs  
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Federal Unemployment Taxes (FUTA)   show
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Financial Accounting   show
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show Independent group of fulltime members responsible for setting accounting rules  
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show Includes the balance sheet, income statement , statement of owner's (or stockholders') equity, and statement of cash flows  
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show Method to assign cost to inventory that assumes items are sold in the order acquired; earliest items purchased are the first sold  
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Fiscal Year   show
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Flexibility Principle   show
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show Annual report form filed with SEC by businesses (small businesses) with publicly-traded securities  
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show IRS form used to report an employer's federal unemployment taxes (FUTA) on an annual filing basis  
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Form 941   show
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Form W-2   show
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show Withholding allowance certificate, filed with the employer, identifying the number of withholding allowances claimed  
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Franchises   show
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Full-disclosure Principle   show
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show Expenses that support the operating of a business  
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General Journal   show
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General Partner   show
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show Partnership in which all partners have mutual agency and unlimited liability for partnership debts  
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)   show
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Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)   show
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Going-Concern Principle   show
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show Amount by which a company's (or a segment's) value exceeds the value of its individual assets less its liabilities  
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show Gross margin (net sales minus cost of goods sold) divided by net sales; also called gross profit ratio  
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Gross Method   show
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show Total compensation earned by an employee  
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show Net sales minus cost of goods sold; also called gross margin  
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show Procedure to estimate inventory when the past gross profit ratio is used to estimate cost of goods sold, which is then subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale  
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show Diminishment of an asset value  
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Imprest System   show
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Inadequacy   show
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Income Statement   show
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show Temporary account used only in the closing process to which the balances of revenue and expense accounts (including any gains or losses) are transferred; its balance is transferred to the capital account (or retained earnings for a corporation)  
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show Asset life that is not limited by legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors  
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Information Processor   show
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Information Storage   show
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show Means of capturing information from source documents that enables its transfer to information processors  
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show Long-term assets (resources) used to produce or sell products or services; usually lack physical form and have uncertain benefits  
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show Charge for sing money (or other assets) loaned for one entity to another  
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show Financial statements covering periods of less than one year; usually based on one-, three-, or six-month periods  
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Internal Controls or Internal Control System   show
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Internal Transactions   show
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show Persons using accounting information who are directly involved in managing the organization  
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show Group that identifies preferred accounting practices and encourages global acceptance; issues International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)  
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show Goods a company owns and expects to sell in its normal operations  
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Inventory Turnover   show
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Invoice   show
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Invoice Approval   show
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Journal   show
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show Process of recording transactions in a journal  
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Known Liabilities   show
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Land Improvements   show
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show Method to assign cost to inventory that assumes costs for the most recent items purchased are sold first and charged to cost of goods sold  
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Lease   show
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Leasehold   show
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show Alterations or improvements to leased property such as partitions and storefronts  
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Ledger   show
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Lessee   show
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Lessor   show
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Liabilities   show
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show Owner can lose no more than the amount invested  
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show Organization form that combines select features of a corporation and a limited partnership; provides limited liability to its members (owners), is free of business tax, and allows members to actively participate in management  
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Limited Liability Partnership   show
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Limited Partners   show
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show Partnership that has two classes of partners, limited partners and general partners  
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show Resources suck as cash that are easily converted into other assets or used to pay for goods, services, or liabilities  
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Liquidity   show
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List Price   show
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Long-term Investments   show
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show Obligations not due to be paid within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer  
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Lower the Cost or Market (LCM)   show
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show Entity who signs a note and promises to pay at it maturity  
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show Area of accounting mainly aimed at serving the decision-making needs of internal users; also called management accounting  
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show Company that uses labor and operating assets to convert raw materials to finished goods  
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matching Principle   show
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show Prescribes that accounting for items that significantly impact financial statement and any inferences from them adhere strictly to GAAP  
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show Date when a note's principle and interest are due  
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Merchandise Inventory   show
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show Entity that earns net income by buying and selling merchandise  
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show Rating signed to an employer by a state based on the employer's record of employment  
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Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)   show
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show Principle that assumes transactions and events can be expressed in money units  
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Multiple-Step Income Statement   show
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Mutual Agency   show
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show Twelve-month period that ends when a company's sales activities are at their lowest point  
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show Assets physically consumed when used; examples are timber, mineral deposits, and oil and gas fields; also called wasting assets  
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Net Income   show
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Net Loss   show
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show Method of recording purchases at the full invoice price less any cash discounts  
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show Gross pay less all deductions; also called take-home pay  
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Net Realizable Value   show
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Noninterest-Bearing Note   show
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Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) Check   show
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Note Payable   show
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Note Receivable   show
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show Principle that prescribes independent, unbiased evidence to support financial statement information  
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Obsolescence   show
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show Approach to inputting data from source documents as soon as the information is available  
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show Normal time between paying cash for merchandise or employee services and receiving cash from customers  
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Ordinary Repairs   show
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Output Devices   show
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Outstanding Checks   show
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Owner, Capital   show
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show Assets put into the business by the owner  
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Partner Return on Equity   show
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show Unincorporated association of two or more persons to pursue a business for profit as co-owners  
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show Agreement among partners that sets terms under which the affairs of the partnership are conducted; also called articles of partnership  
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show Dissolution of a partnership by (1) selling noncash assets and allocating any gain or loss according to partners' income-and-loss ratio, (2) paying liabilities, and (3) distributing and remaining cash according to partners' capital balances  
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Patent   show
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show Entity to whom a note is made payable  
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show Bank account used solely for paying employees; each pay period an amount equal to the total employees' net pay is deposited in it and the payroll checks are drawn on it  
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show Amounts withheld from an employee's gross pay; also called withholdings  
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Payroll Register   show
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show Method that records the cost of inventory purchased but does not continuously track quantity available or sold to customers; records are updated at the end of each period to reflect the physical count and cost of goods available  
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show Accounts that reflect activities related to one or more future periods; balance sheet accounts whose balances are not closed; also called real accounts  
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show Method that maintains continuous records of the cost of inventory available and the cost of goods sold  
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Petty Cash   show
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show Tangible long-lived assets used to produce r sell products and services; also called property, plant and equipment (PP&E) or fixed assets  
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show List of permanent accounts and their balances from the ledger after all closing entries are journalized and posted  
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show Process of transferring journal entry information to the ledger; computerized system automate this process  
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show A column in journals in which individual ledger account numbers are entered when entries are posted to those ledger accounts  
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show Statements that show the effects of proposed transactions and events as if they had occurred  
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Prepaid Expenses   show
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show Amount that the signer of a note agrees to pay back when it matures, not including interest  
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Principles of Internal Control   show
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show Ratio of a company's net income to its net sales; the percent of income in each dollar of revenue; also called Net Profit Margin  
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Promissory Note (Note)   show
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Purchase Discount   show
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show Document used by the purchasing department to place an order with a seller (vendor)  
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show Document listing merchandise needed by a department and requesting it be purchased  
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Purchases Journal   show
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Realizable Value   show
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show Form used to report that ordered goods are received and to describe their quantity and condition  
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show Part of accounting that involves recording transactions and events, either manually or electronically; also called bookkeeping  
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show Information system principle prescribing that its reports be useful, understandable, timely, and pertinent for decision making  
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Report Form Balance Sheet   show
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Retail Inventory Method   show
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show Intermediary that buys products from manufacturers or wholesalers and sells them to consumers  
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Return   show
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Revenue Expenditures   show
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show The principle prescribing that revenue is recognized when earned  
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show Gross increase in equity from a company's business activities that earn income; also called sales  
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show Optional entries recorded at the beginning of a period that prepare the accounts for the usual journal entries as if adjusting entries had not occurred in the prior period  
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show Uncertainty about an expected return  
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show Corporation that meets special tax qualifications so as to be treated like a partnership for income tax purposes  
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show Term used by a seller to describe a cash discount granted to buyers who pay within the discount period  
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Sales Journal   show
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Salvage Value   show
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Schedule of Accounts Payable   show
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show List of the balances for all accounts in the accounts receivable ledger and their total  
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show Federal agency Congress has charged to set reporting rules for organizations that sell ownership shares to the public  
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Segment Return on Assets   show
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show Expenses of promoting sales, such as displaying and advertising merchandise, making sales, and delivering goods to customers  
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Service Company   show
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show Owners of a corporation; also called stockholders  
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Shares   show
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show Current obligation in the form of a written promissory note  
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Shrinkage   show
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show Includes the signatures of each person authorized to sign checks on the bank account  
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Single-Step Income Statement   show
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Social Responsibility   show
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Sole Proprietorship   show
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show Source of information for accounting entries that can be in either paper or electronic form; also called business papers  
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show Any journal used for recording and posting transactions of a similar type  
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show Method to assign cost to inventory when the purchase cost of each item in inventory is identified and used to compute cost of inventory  
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show Computer program that organizes data by means of formulas and format; also called electronic work sheet  
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show State payroll taxes on employers to support its unemployment programs  
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Statement of Cash Flows   show
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show FASB publications that establish U.S. GAAP  
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show Report of changes in equity over a period; adjusted for increases (owner investment and net income) and for decreases (withdrawals and net loss)  
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Straight-Line Depreciation   show
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Subsidiary Ledger   show
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show Information outside the usual accounting records; also called supplemental records  
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T-Account   show
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show Accounts used to record revenues, expenses, and withdrawals (dividends for a corporation); they are closed at the end of each period; also called nominal accounts  
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show Ratio of income before interest expense (and any income taxes) divided by interest expense; reflects risk of covering interest commitments when income varies  
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show Assumption that an organization's activities can be divided into specific time periods such as months, quarters, or years  
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show Measure of a company's ability to use its assets to generate sales; computed by dividing net sales by average total assets  
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Trade Discount   show
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show Symbol, name, phrase, or jingle identified with a company, product, or service  
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show Exchange of economic consideration affecting an entity's financial position that can be reliably measured  
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show List of accounts and their balances at a point in time; total debit balances equal total credit balances  
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Unadjusted Trial Balance   show
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show Balance sheet that broadly groups assets, liabilities, and equity accounts  
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Unearned Revenue   show
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show Method that charges a varying amount to depreciation expense for each period of an asset's useful life depending on its usage  
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show legal relationship among general partners that makes each of them responsible for partnership debt if the other partners are unable to pay their shares  
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show Length of time an asset will be productively used in the operations of a business; also called service life  
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show Buyer of goods or services  
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Vendor   show
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show Internal file used to store documents and information to control cash disbursements and to ensure that a transaction is properly authorized and recorded  
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Voucher Register   show
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Voucher System   show
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show Table of the amounts of income tax withheld from employee's wages  
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Warranty   show
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show Method to assign inventory cost to sales; the cost of available-for-sale units is divided by the number of units available to determine per unit cost prior to each sale that is then multiplied by the units sold to yield the cost of that sale  
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Wholesaler   show
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Withdrawals   show
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show Spreadsheet used to draft an unadjusted trial balance, adjusting entries, adjusted trial balance, and financial statements  
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Working Papers   show
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