Geology Exam 2
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| Which type of country tends to consume the most mineral resources? | Developed
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| Which of the following is NOT an environmental impact of coal usage? | Increase in bio-diversity
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| What is the current consumption rate of oil? | 30 billion barrels per year
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| What is the pre-dominant fossil fuel resource used in the US? | Coal
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| Smelter emissions often cause what kind of adverse environmental degradation? | Acid rain
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| Why are iron and steel recycled at such a high rate? | The market for them is large and widespread
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| What phase of mining generally causes the least environmental degradation? | Exploration and testing
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| The fact that mineral resources are formed slowly over time means that mineral resources are our ? heritage from the geologic past? | Non-renewable
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| A ? is a resource that is currently available to be legally and economically mined | Reserve
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| The ? of a metal is a measure of its concentration necessary for profitable mining | Concentration Factor
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| ? mineral deposits form through the circulation of hot chemically active waters | Hydrothermal
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| ? mine drainage results from oxidation of sulfide-bearing deposits? | Acid
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| Sulfide deposits of copper and iron form through seawater circulation at ? plate boundaries? | Divergent
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| ? deposits form through the evaporation of marine basins or lakes? | Evaporite
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| A concentration of minerals that could now be legally mined at a profit is called a ? | Reserve
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| Hydrothermal mineral deposits would be least expected to form in what type of plate tectonic setting? | Transform Boundary
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| Kimberlite pipes are sources of what mineral? | Diamond
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| Placer deposits are expected in what type of rock? | Sedimentary
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| Most water pollution associated with mining operations has to do with? | Water passing through mine waste
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| If surface mines tends to cause greater environmental impacts, why are they used? | Surface mines are more economical
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| What is the principle social impact of mining operations? | Boom and bust cycles that impact local economies and social structure
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| The element ? represents the greatest amount of recycling by volume? | Iron
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| Between the mid 1970's and mid 1990's, energy consumption in the US ? | Increased but at a slower rate
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| The ultimate source of energy in fossil fuels is ? | The sun
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| Groundwater pollution is best handled by ? rather than by ? | Prevention, treatment
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| The source of E Coli bacteria is typically ? | Animal fecal waste
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| ? deposits are the results of sedimentary concentrations of heavy minerals in streams | Placer
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| What is the principle cause of cultural eutrophication? | Elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen
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| What measures have largely eliminated water-borne diseases in the US? | Separation of sewage and drinking water
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| The level of decaying organic matter in water is indicated by what measure? | Nitrogen and Phosphorus
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| The biomagnifications of mercury occurs as mercury moves through ? | The aquatic food chain
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| If sediment is from natural sources, why is it considered a water pollutant? | It is an out of place resource
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| Which of the following would be considered a point source of pollution? | Industrial waste water discharge
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| What happened to the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland that made news in 1969? | It caught on fire
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| Saltwater intrusion results from ? | Over-pumping of ground water
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| Coal type is based upon ? | Carbon percentage and heat value
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| Why is coal use likely to increase in the future? | Coal is an abundant resource in relation to oil and gas
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| Which of the following geologic features is not required for an oil or gas deposit to form? | Volcanic Rock
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| Which of the following geologic situations is most likely to contain oil concentrations? | 300 million year old rocks that accumulated in a subsiding sedimentary basin
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| Why does acid rain result from fossil fuel consumption? | Fossil fuel burning releases nitrogen and sulfur oxides
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| ? coal has the highest heat value? | Bituminous
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| The rock unit that provides a barrier to the upwards migration of oil is called the ? | Cap Rock
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| ? is the time when petroleum production begins to fall short of demand | Peak oil
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| What is the principle cause of septic system failure? | Pour soil drainage
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| Biochemical oxygen demand reflects the amount of ? in water bodies | Organic matter
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| The source of ? is typically animal fecal waste | E Coli
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| ? sources of pollution are diffused and intermittent and hard to identify | Non-point
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| A cone of ? is formed in salt water as it intrudes fresh ground water near a pumping well? | Ascension
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| ? pollution is harmful to some organisms but actually helps others survive | Thermal
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| In the film Crude, what was shown as one of the first phases of trail preparation? | Field inspections
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| In the film Crude, what was the primary environmental impact in Ecuador? | Water pollution
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| Because it is isolated from the land surface, groundwater is rarely contaminated by mining? True or False? | False
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| Air and water pollution are only an issue when a mine is operating? True or False? | False
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| Methane hydrates may be a viable future energy source because ? | They are abundant and clean burning
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| Why does acid rain result from fossil fuel consumption? | Fossil fuel burning releases nitrogen and sulfur oxides
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| Nuclear fission is the process of ? | Splitting of heavy atoms to make light atoms
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| A breeder reactor differs from a burner reactor in that ? | A breeder reactor produces more nuclear fuel than it burns
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| The ultimate source of geothermal energy is ? | Heat generated in the earth's interior
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| The future use of photovoltaics is likely to ? | Increase because they can be adapted to meet a variety of needs
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| Electricity generation through urban waste incineration is an example of ? | Power generation
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| All renewable energy sources ultimately capture energy from the ? | Sun
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| ? cells generate electricity directly from the sun's energy | Photovoltaics
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| The current US energy policy is the ? Path Type | Hard
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| Fossil fuels are generated by processes deep within the earth's interior at extremely high pressure and temperatures. True or False? | False
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| Most coal has the same sulfur content but varies in chemical composition. True or False? | False
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| Most of the largest oil and gas fields are located in continental interiors, far from plate boundaries. True or False? | False
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| Wind power generation has grown rapidly in the past decade. True or False? | True
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| Groundwater at normal shallow subsurface temperatures can be used as an energy source. True or False? | True
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| Why is sediment considered a water pollutant since it is considered a natural resource? | It is an out of place resource
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| As mercury moves through ?, magnification occurs | The aquatic food chain
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| One of the main water pollution problems associated with acid mine drainage is because ? | The acid water tends to mobilize hazardous, heavy metals
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| Why is municipal waste water sludge considered a problem? | It often contains heavy metals
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| Waste water renovation is dependent on what process to purify water? | Natural purification in the soil
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| All coliform bacteria are harmless. True or False? | False
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| Water-borne disease has been totally eliminated in the US. True or False? | False
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| Given the negative impact MTBE has on groundwater, why is it used as a gasoline additive? | It helps decrease air pollution emissions from automobiles
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| What was the reason for the dramatic water pollution in North Carolina after Hurricane Floyd? | Waste lagoons on pig farms overflowed due to heavy rain and flooding rivers
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| Biochemical oxygen demand reflects the amount of organic matter in water bodies. True or False? | True
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| Eutrophication can occur in the absence of human influence. True or False? | True
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| Because they are smaller scale, non point pollution sources are easier to identify and control than point sources. True or False? | False
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| The Kuyahoga River in Ohio has degraded dramatically over the past 40 years. True or False? | False
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| Groundwater pollution is better alleviated by prevention than by treatment. True or False? | True
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| The oil tanker ? caused massive water pollution of Prince William Sound near Valdez, Alaska in 1989 | Exxon Valdez
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| Wetlands are very efficient at reducing ? levels in wastewater? | Nutrient
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| Itai-Itai Disease resulted from contamination of the Zintzu River by ? in mine waste | Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium
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| Useful metallic minerals that can be mined for a profit are called | Metallic Ore
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| Mineral Resources are ? resources | Non-renewable
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| About 50% of the land used in the mining industry is ? | Reclaimed
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| It takes ? as much energy to produce steel from recycled scrap as from the original ore | 1/3
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