SOC 222
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| Social structure and crime, focuses on broad features of society | Macrosociology
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| The framework that guides our thinking, behavior, and interactions | Social structure
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| The subsystems or social entities within our society that are organized to meet specific needs | Social institutions
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| Patterns on a mass scale, supported with large databases | Collective patterns
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| Guide our behavior, preventing us from experiencing certain areas of the social world and pressuring us to follow social norms in order to achieve our rewards | Social structures
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| Social order is the product of a general set of norms, these norms are widely shared by community members, deviance is essential to social order | Strain theory
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| A state of normlessness where society fails to effectively regulate the expectations or behavior of its members | Anomie
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| What are the functions of deviance according to Durkheim | Affirms cultural values, clarifies moral boundaries, brings people together, encourage social change
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| Conformists | People who accept cultural goals and conventional means
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| Innovators | People who accept cultural goals but reject conventional means
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| Ritualists | People who reject cultural goals but accept conventional means
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| Retreatists | People who reject cultural goals and conventional means
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| We need to understand the motives behind people who commit crimes and the availability of opportunities to learn about and participate in illegal or deviant acts | Differential opportunity theory
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| Develop among lower class adolescent boys in neighborhoods with open illegitimate opportunity structures | Criminal subcultures
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| Develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that exist are closed to adolescents | Conflict subcultures
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| Associated with drug use and the drug culture among some lower class adolescents | Retreatist subcultures
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| What circumstances lead individuals and groups within a society to engage in deviant behavior | General strain theory
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| What are the 3 major types of negative relationships that lead to strain | 1.) Prevent or threaten to prevent achievement of valued goals
2.) Remove or threaten to remove positive stimuli
3.) Present or threaten to present negative stimuli
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| A perspective that suggests socioeconomic inequality has a direct effect on community crime rates | Relative deprivation
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| The key to understanding the individual factors that affect various forms of deviance | Interactions
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| Patterns with more components and specifics | Detailed patterns
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| The meaning of behavior, attitudes, and appearances | Symbolism
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| What are the 3 propositions of social learning theory | 1.) Deviant behavior is learned according to operant condition
2.) Criminal behavior is learned in non/social settings
3.) The principle parts of learning are in groups
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| One's level of social power can determine whether one is being labeled or an agent of labeling | Power
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| The key to understanding our place in society. Producing a self is an essential part of how society makes us human | Looking glass self
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| What are the 3 elements to the looking glass self | 1.) We imagine how we appear to those around us
2.) We interpret others' reaction
3.) We develop a self concept
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| Relativist/ constructionist perspective on defining crime | Nothing automatically makes behavior criminal/deviant
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| Idea that deviance a conformity result not so much from an individuals act or a condition, but from how others respond to the act or condition | Labeling theory
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| What are the 2 central ideas of labeling theory | 1.) Deviance is a collective interaction involving more than a person's act or appearance
2.) Interactions between deviants and conformists are governed by the meaning imputed to one another's actions and reactions
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| Violations of norms that evoke little reactions | Primary deviance
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| Violations of norms that imitates greater more negative reactions | Secondary deviance
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| What are the negative consequences of labeling | Interactions with others shape self conceptions and behaviors, labeling promotes continued deviance
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