Philosophy
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| For ancient Greek thinkers, philosophy could describe the careful consideration of any subject matter; today, philosophy addresses fundamental questions unanswered by other fields of knowledge. | True
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| a mistake in reasoning | fallacy
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| questions related to being or existence | metaphysics
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| questions related to knowledge | epistemology
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| questions related to values | aesthetics
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| the theory of correct inference | logic
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| Plato's epistemology is summarized in a passage in the Republic called the "Theory of the Divided Line" and the "Myth of the Cave," which contrast true knowledge with mere belief or opinion. | True
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| emphasized serene acceptance of natural order of things, encouraged one to accept both pleasure and pain with equanimity. | stoicism
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| taught that personal pleasure is the highest good, but urged one to choose lasting pleasures over passing pleasures. | epicureanism
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| questions whether we can really know things | skepticism
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| Neo-Platonic philosopher Plotinus maintained that "god" is indefinable, indescribable, a being we can "grasp" only through a mystical experience. | True
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| what exists is either physical or mental,or, in the case of humans, some combination of both | Dualism
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| only the physical exists | materialism
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| only the mental or spiritual exists | idealism
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| camus and sartre | existentialism
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| husserl | phenomenology
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| habermas | hermeneutics
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| derrida | deconstruction
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| ______ seeks knowledge based on/ shaped by religious beliefs | theology
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| _____ seeks knowledge based on what is evident in sensory experience (without religious beliefs). | philiosophy
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| _______ concede there is some original or fundamental principle of order in the universe, but they insist there is only the remotest analogy to everyday creative processes or to human intelligence. | atheists
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| SOren Kierkegaard taught that we must commit ourselves to God through a leap of faith; for Kierkgaard, the objective uncertainty of God is essential to a true faith in him. | True
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| Pascal's Wager proposes that believing in God is a more prudent choice than not believing in God. | True
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| ____________________ argued that women were as capable as men of attaining the virtues of wisdom and rationality if only society would allow those virtues to be cultivated. | M. Wollstonecraft
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| Carol Gilligan maintains that boys place more emphasis on care and preserving of relationships, while girls place more emphasis on abstract justice and individual rights. | False
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| ________________ is a Western term for the religious beliefs and practices of the people of India; no matter its form, all branches of this religion accept the Vedas as authoritative religious texts. | Hinduism
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| According to the Vedas, since the gods determine to which caste (social class) a person belongs, he or she is meant to remain in that caste. | True
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| _________ refers to one's actions or deeds; every action inevitably has its effects, and the consequences build up over a lifetime and through multiple reincarnations. | Karma
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| ______________ is a permanent liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, with the merging of the individual (atman) into the ultimate reality (brahman). | Nirvana
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| According to Buddhist teachings, it is the ____________ of an action that determines whether it is morally good or bad. | intent
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| Sun Tzu's The Art of War is probably the world's oldest treatise on military strategy and methods; Tzu's book teaches that warfare should not be taken lightly, that winning requires both knowledge of one's opponent and being realistic about oneself, and t | True
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| Shinto, an ancient Japanese religion, regarded people as "thinking reeds," completely a part of the natural and divine universe. Such a view is called: | animism
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| Mainstream Buddhism in Japan taught that women could reach nirvana, but only after being reincarnated as a male. | True
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| The Samurai bushido emphasized that the brevity and uncertainty of life require preparedness and anticipation, summed up in the mantra: | Win beforehand
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| ____________________ is how philosophy has been done in Africa and in the places outside Africa where Africans have resettled, whether voluntarily or by force. | Pan-African Philosophy
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| Archbishop ______________ is one of the architects of South Africa's revolutionary transition from ____________ to representative democracy. | Desmond Tutu; apartheid
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| ___________. The concept ("clinging to truth") is closely identified by the social and political thinking of ______________; it has also been inadequately translated as "passive resistance." | Satyagraha; Monhandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
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| Indian poet and essayist | Rabindranath Tagore: human beings must devote themselves to living the examined life.
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| each person has independent freedom of choice | Free Will
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| the idea that whatever you do and whatever you become, you were destined to do and become. | determinism
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| your choices are determined by your preferences | Psychological determinism
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| what you think and do is determined by neurophysiological events of which you are mostly unaware and over which ultimately you have no control. | Neuroscientific determinism
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| every event is determined by earlier events | Casual determinism
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| holds that fruitful psychological investigation confines itself to such psychological phenomena as can be behaviorally defined. | Behaviorism
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| So-called mental phenomena are physical phenomena within the brain and central nervous system. | identity theory
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| A true gift must be entirely unconditional, and must not be preceived AS a gift by either the recipient or the giver. There is no such thing as a pure gift; a true gift is not only impossible, but is THE impossoble. | Deconstructionist Jacques Derrida (Gift Theory)
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| What a person feels in repsonse to a fictional character is not a true emotion, but a quasi-emotion. | The paradox of fiction
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| According to existentialist philosophers, the world is a rational place. | False
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| The necessity of choosing how to live in an absurd, irrational world is often called | the existential predicament
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| While Kierkegaard believed that only God can grant relief to life's troubles, Nietzche, who believed God was only an illusion, championed the rare individual who embraces "will-to-power" and overcome. Nietzche's term for this individual is | Ubermensch (The Superman)
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| Atheist Jean-Paul Sartre taught that man is abandoned; God does not exist. One consequence of that premise is that there is no objective standard of values. | True
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| Founder of phenomenology Edmund Husserl used the term "phenomenological reduction" to refer to one's investigating phenomena in light of agreed-upon presupposition. | False
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| According to Jurgen Habermas, the ideal speech situation is always non-ideological, rational communication. | True
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| _________ seeks to find solutions to problems, and assigns value to concepts based on their usefulness or workability. | Pragmatism
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| the branch of metaphysics concerned with what there is (what exists). | Ontology
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| the study of signs | linguistics
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| the rejection of values and beliefs | nihilism
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| the whole consists of all its particular parts | mereological sum
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| making explicit the controlling ideology of a political or social order | critical theory
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| Ethics is the philosophical study of moral judgements. | true
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| ethical skepticism maintains that moral knowledge is not possible. | true
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| Egoism refers to seeking one's own self-interests above all else, and can be either descriptive or prescriptive. Which form of egoism expresses how things ought to be done? | prescriptive egoism
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| ____________ refers to an action taken out of concern for others. | Benevolence
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| David Hume believed that when we morally praise or condemn a person, it is actually that person's character we are prasising or condemning. | true
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| Immanuel Kant's "supreme principle of morality" is that a person should act in such a way that he or she could rationally will the principle on which he or she acts to be a universal law. Another name for this principle | Categorical imperative
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| Acoording to utilitarians (such as Bentham and Mill), the rightness of an action or rule is identical with the happiness it produces as a consequence, with everyone considered. | true
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| Friedrich Nietzsche saw life as a place of warfare and strife, and a celebration of "will-to-power," which finds its highest expression in: | Ubermensch
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| Thomas Hobbes believed there were three natural laws that serve as rational prlnciples of preservation of life. Which of these is not one of Hobbes' three natural laws? | Do unto others before they do unto you
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| Philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau maintained that justice and the state are created through a social contract; this philosophy is called; | Contractualism
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| Locke believed that a state's legitimacy rests on the prior consent of the governed. | true
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| Mill taught that government should not do anything that more effectively can be done privately; nor should government do something, if doing it deprives individuals of the opportunity for development or education. | true
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| Metaethics refers to the attempt to understand the sources, criteria, meaning, verification, or validation of moral judgements. | true
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| i should do what God ordains | Divine-Command Ethnics
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| i should do whatever has the most desirable consequences | consequentialism
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| i should so whatever it is my mora duty to do. | deontological ethnics
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| i should do whatever it takes so that i can be virtuous. | virtue ethics
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| i should do whatever my culture or society thinks i should do | relativism
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| what does not kill us makes us stronger | nietzsche
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| calculus of pleasure | jeremy Bentham
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| from each according to his means, to each according to his needs. | Anarchist Communists
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