Fat soluble vitamins
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| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | A D E K
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| How are they transported? | In chylomicrons
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| Are they able to be stored? | Yes, liver and adipose tissue
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| Are they toxic in large amounts? | Yes
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| Oxidation of vitamin A | 1. Retinol 2. Retinal 3. Retinoic acid
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| Retinol | Reproduction and growth
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| Retinal | Eyes, vision
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| Retenoic Acid | Cell differentiation
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| Where can you find preformed vitamin A? | In animal products and Retinol Esters (RA)
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| Where can you find proformed vitamin A? | In plant products (red, orange, yellow)
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| What can be oxidized if your vitamin A content is too low? | Retinal
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| Vitamin a deficiency leads to what? | Vision problems but rare in developped nations
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| What happens if you take too much vitamin A ? (toxicity) | 1. Can lead to defects in pregnant woman 2. Months of overconsuming caretenoids can lead to orange skin 3. Supplements of any kinds should not be taken by smokers
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| What are caretenoids and RE bound to in food? | Fatty acid and protein
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| What strips the protein part from the vitamin A? | Pepsin in the stomach and protease in the small intestin
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| What strips the fatty acid from the vitamin A? | Prancreatic RE hydrolayse or esterase in the brush border
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| What is the role of bile in vitamin A? | Makes it soluble
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| Where do the retinol and carotenoids incorporate themselves in order to be digested? | In the micelles
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| How is vitamin A a brought into the duodemnum and jejunum? | Through passive diffusion
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| Where is the retinol reesterified and by what? | In the enterocytes by lecithin: retinol acyl transferase (LRAT)
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| In vitamin A absorption, what are the RE incorporated into? | Chylomicrons
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| What happens if retinol intake is low? | Carotenois are metabolized to 2 retinals: 1. Bound by CRBP, reduced to retinol, esterified via LRAT and incroporated into chylomicrons or 2. oxidized to retinoic acid and travels to the liver bound to albumin
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| What does vitamin D work with in order to regulate blood calcium? | Parathyroid hormone
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| What is the name of active vitamin D? | Calcitrol
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| What happens in relation to vitamin D when calcium is too low? | 1. Increased absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine 2. Decreases calcium excreation in kidneys 3. Removes calcium and phosphorus from bone to increase concentration in blood.
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| What is synthesized when blood calcium is low? | Calcitrol
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| What does calcitrol affect? | 1. Cell differentiation 2. Cell growth 3. Cell proliferation
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| What is topical calcitrol used for? | Psoriasis
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| Why are obese patients sometimes lacking in vitamin D? | Because adipose tissue acts as a sink for vitamin D.
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| Vitamin D deficientcy can lead to what? | Rickets, type 1 diabetes, MS, RA and Crohn's disease
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| What type of digestion is associated with vitamin D? | No digestion necessary
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| How is Vitamin D absorbed? | It is incorporated into micells and absorbed via passive diffusion in the small intestine
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| How is vitamin D transported? | 40% chylomicrons 60% is bound to vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and transported into the blood
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| Where is vitamin D3 made? | In the skin
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| Once vitamin D3 is bound to DBP where does it go? | To the liver but it may be picjed up by muscle or adipose tissue before reaching the liver
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| What happens to vitamin D3 once it reaches the liver? | It is hydroxylated and released back into the blood
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| What happens to the vitamin D that reaches the kidneys? | It is hydroxylated again to form calcitrol
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| What are the functions of vitamin E? | 1. Membrane integrity 2. Helps stop reactions involving free radicals 3. May decrease LDL oxidation
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| What is the diffrence between vitamin E supplement and dietary vitamin E? | It is not nearly as active
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| What does large doses of vitamin E interfere with? | Other fat soluble vitamins
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| Vitamin E transport | hg
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| hgtrf | htyf
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| Vitamin K functions | 1. Blood clotting 2. Bone formation
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| What is vitamin k dependant on in relation to blood clotting and bone formation? | Carboxylation of glutamic acid
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| What can alter the vitamin K pathway? | Anticoagulants such as coumadin
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| Digestion of vitamin K | No digestion necessary
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| How is vitamin K incorporated into the micelles? | With the help of bile
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| Where is vitamin K abosorbed? | 1. Small intestine 2. Ileum 3. Colon
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| How is vitamin K transported? | It is packaged in chylomicrons
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| Vitamin A deficientcy leads to what? | 1. Vision problems 2. Decrease immune function
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| Excess vitamin A can cause what? | 1. Birth defects 2. Yellow/orange skin 3. Decreased acne (retenoic acid)
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| Function of vitamin D | 1. Increase in Ca and P absoption in SI 2. Decrease calcium excreation in kidneys 3. Removes Ca from bone to increase the Ca concentration in blood 4. Stimulates cell differentiation
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| Vitamin E Functions | Antioxydant : 1. Membrane intergrity 2. Hinders free radicals 3. Decreases LDL oxidation
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| Functions of vitamin K | 1. Blood clotting 2. Bone formation (glutamic acid)
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| Where is endogenous vitamin K produced and what is its name? | Made by bacteria in large intestine and named menaquinone
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| Exogenous vitamin K is called what and found where? | Phylloquinone and found in plants
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| Vitamin B12 digestion: 3 steps | 1. Protein releases by HCL and pepsin in stomach 2. B12 binds to R Protein. R Protein is removed by proteases. 3. B12 binds to intrinsic factor which is secreted by the parietal cells
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| Vitamin B12 is absorbed as what and where? | It is absorbed by B12-IF complex by receptor mediated endocytosis in illeum
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| Can vitamins be stored in the body? | Yes, fat soluble vitamins can as well as B12
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| What makes vitamin A soluble? | Bile : Proteases in the stomach
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| Through what mechanism is vitamin A absorbed? | Passive diffusion
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| Where is preformed vitamin A found? | 1. Animal products 2. Retinol esters
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| Where is proformed vitamin A found? | In orange, yellow and red plant products
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| In what instance does our body use carotenoids instead of retinol for vitamin A? | If it is low but it is much slower
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| In the enterocytes, vitamin A is bound to what and reesterified by what? | Bound to CRBP and reesterified by LRAT
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| Proformed vitamin A is oxidized to form what? | Retinal
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| If vitamin A levels are low, it is reduced to what? | Retinol
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| If vitamin A levels are low, it is reduced to retinol and esterified by what? | LRAT
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| Retinal is oxidized to what? | Retinoic acid
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| What is the function of retinol? | Reproduction and growth
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| What is the function of retinal | Vision
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| What is the function of retinoic acid? | Cell differentiation
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| What is the active form of vitamin D? | Cacitrol
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| Natural tocopherols require what kind of digestion? | None
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| Synthetic tolopherols require what kind of digestion? | Esterases
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| Tocotrienols require what kind of digestion? | Esterases
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| What is precursor to vitamin D? | Cholesterol (dehydrocholesterol)
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| Obese patients may be lacking in what vitamin? | D
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| Is there any digestion required for vitamin D? | No!
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| How is vitamin D absorbed? | Passive diffusion as vitamin D3 (inactive)
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| Vitamin D is absorbed in what form? | D3 - Inactive
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| Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) transports vitamin D to where? | Kidneys and Liver
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| Are vitamin E supplements as active s dietary vitamin E? | No
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| Vitamin A and E are both what? | Esterified
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| What does esterified mean? | Bound to a fatty acid
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| How are vitamin A and E packed? | Chylomicrons
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| What kind of digestion for vitamin K? | None
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| What helps absorbe vitamin K? | Bile
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| Vitamin K in packed into what for transport? | Chylomicrons
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| Digestion of vitamin A | Proteases in stomach and SI... esterase removes FA
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| Absorption of vitamin A | Passive diffusion in SI and reesterified in enterocytes
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| Transport for vitamin A | RE and carotenoids are packed in chylomicrons where retinoic acid is packed in albumin
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| Absoprtion for vitamin D | Passive diffusion in micelles
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| Transport of vitamin D | 40% chylomicrons and 60% DBP (calcitrol)
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| Digestion of synthetic vitamin E | Esterase
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| Aboprtion of phyloguinone | Passive diffusion into micells
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| Absorption of menquinone | Passive diffusion into ileum and LI
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| Transport of vitamin E | Cylomicrons
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| Is digestion needed for vitamin C? | No, Ascorbic acid is oxidized into dehydroascorbic acid
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| How is ascorbic acid absorbed? | Active transport: SVCT1 and SVCT2
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| How is dehydroascorbic acid absorbed? | Facilitated diffusion: it is quickly reduced back to ascorbic
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| Absorption of vitamin C increases or decreases with consumption? | Decreases
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| What also decreases absorption of vitamin C? | Glucose, Large doses of iron
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| Vitamin C is transported via what? | Free ascorbic acid in plasma
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| What is the natural form of folate? | Folate
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| What is the synthetic form of folate? | Folic acid
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| What type of digestion for folic acid? | None
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| What type of digestion for folate? | Residue need to be removed with conjugase in brush border. Glutamate is removed by conjugase in SI.
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| Folate is absorbed by what? | By active transport (foods) or by passive diffusion (pharmacological doses) in the SI. Whithin the enterocyte folate is reduced to tetrahydrofolate and methylated to 5-methyl THF
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| What are the carriers for folate? | Folate binding protein (FBP) and reduced folate transporter (RFT)
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| How is 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate transported? | It is transported as free in the plasma
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| B12 is transported via what in blood? | Trancobalamins
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| Ca is absorbed via what carrier? | Calbindin 9K
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| How is calcium transported? | It can be transported freely as calcium or bound to albumin or prealbumin
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| What is and example of a sphingophosphatide and where is it found? | Spingomyelin and it is found in plasma membranes of animal cells and in the myelin sheaths of the nerves
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| Name 2 sphingolipids but that are not sphingophospatides | 1. Cerebroside 2. Ganlioside
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| How are gangliosides diffrent than cerebrosides? | Cerbreoside is a ceramide + glucose or galactose and a ganglioside is a ceramide + oligosaccharide
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| Tay-sachs | Ganliosides
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| Neimann-pick | Spingomyelin
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| Sandhoof's | Gangliosides
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| Gaucher's | Glucocerebroside
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| Farber | Ceramide
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| Krabbe | Galactocerebroside
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| What is important for determing blood type? | Gangliosides
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| Ceramides are composed of what? | Sphingosine + Fatty acid
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| What is the function of gangliosides? | Cell signaling
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