Psychology of Learning and Behavior

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Operant behaviors are influenced by their _______

consequences

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Elicited behavior is a function of what _______ it; operant behavior is a function of what _______ it.

precedes, follows

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Another name for operant conditioning is _______ conditioning.

instrumental

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Thorndike's cats learned to solve the puzzle box problem _______

gradually

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Based on his research with cats, Thorndike formulated his famous _______, which states that behaviors that lead to a(n)_______ state of affairs are strengthened, while behaviors that lead to a(n)_______ state of affairs are weakened

law of effect, satisfying, unsatisfying

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According to Thorndike, behaviors that worked were _______ while behaviors that did not work were _______

stamped in, stamped out

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The Skinner box evolved out of Skinner's quest for a procedure that would, among other things, yield _______ patterns of behavior

regular

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In the original version of the Skinner box rats earn food by _______ ; in a later version pigeons earn a few seconds of access to food by _______ at an illuminated plastic disk know as a _______

pressing a lever, pecking, response key

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Skinner's procedures are also known as _______ procedures in that the animal controls the rate at which it earns food.

free operant

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Skinner originally thought all behavior could be explained in terms of _______ , but he eventually decided that this type of behavior could be distinguished from another, seemingly more voluntary type of behavior known as _______ behavior

reflexes, operant

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Skinner's definition of operant conditioning differs from Thorndike's law of effect in that it views consequences in terms of their effect upon the strength of behavior rather than whether they are _______ or _______

satisfying, annoying

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Operant conditioning is similar to the principle of natural selection in that an individual's behaviors that are _______ tend to increase in frequency, while behaviors that are _______ tend to decrease in frequency

adaptive (lead to favorable outcomes), nonadaptive (do not lead to favorable outcomes)

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Classically conditioned behaviors are said to be _______ by the stimulus, while operant behaviors are said to be _______ by the organism.

elicited, emitted

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Operant responses are also simply called _______

operants

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Operant behavior is usually defined as a(n) _______ of responses rather than a specific response.

class

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Simply put, reinforcers are those consequences that _______ a behavior, while punishers are those consequences that _______ a behavior.

strengthens, weakens

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More specifically, a reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior and _______ the probability of that behavior. A punisher is a consequence that _______ a behavior and _______ the probability of that behavior.

follows, increases; follows, decreases

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The terms reinforcement and punishment refer to the _______ or _______ whereby a a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consiquences

process, procedure

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Strengthening a roommate's tendency toward cleanliness by thanking her when she cleans the bathroom is an example of _______ , while the thanks itself is a _______

reinforcement, reinforcer

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Eliminating a dogs tendency to jump up on visitors by scolding her when she does so is an example of _______ , while the scolding itself is a _______

punishment, punisher

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When Moe stuck his finger in a light socket, he received an electric shock. As a result, he now sticks his finger in the light socket as often as possible. By definition the electric shock was a _______ because the behavior it followed has _______

reinforcer, increased in frequency

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Each time Edna talked out in class, her teacher immediately came over and gave her a hug. As a result, Edna no longer talks out in class. By definition the hug is a(n) _______ because the behavior it follows has _______ in frequency

punisher, decreased

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When we give a dog a treat for fetching a toy, are we attempting to reinforce: (a) the behavior of fetching the toy or (b) the dog that fetched the toy?

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When we chastise a child for being rude, are we attempting to punish: (a) the child who was rude or (b) the child's behavior?

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Weakening a behavior through withdrawal of reinforcement for that behavior is known as _______

extinction

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Clayton stopped plugging in the toaster after he received and electric shock while doing so. This is an example of _______ . Manzar stopped using the toaster after it no longer made good toast. This is an example of _______

punishment, extinction

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The operant conditioning procedure usually consists of three components:

a descriminative stimulus, an operant response, and a consiquence

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A discriminative stimulus is said to "_______ for the behavior," meaning that its presence makes the response _______ likely to occur.

set the occasion, more

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A discriminative stimulus _______ elicit behavior in the same manner as a CS.

does not

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The three-term contingency can also be thought of as an ABC sequence, where A stands for _______, B stands for _______, and C stands for _______

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

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Another way of thinking about the three-term contingency is that you _______ something, _______ something, and _______ something

notice something, do something, get something

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The word positive, when combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, means only that the behavior is followed by the _______ of something.

presentation

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The word negative, when combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, means only that the behavior is followed by the _______ of something

withdrawal

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Reinforcement is related to a(n) _______ in behavior, whereas punishment is related to a(n) _______ in behavior.

increase, decrease

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When you reached toward the dog, he nipped at your hand. You quickly pulled your hand back. As a result, he now nips at your hand whenever you reach toward him. The consequence for the dog's behavior of nipping consisted of the _______ of a stimulus

removal

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His behavior of nipping subsequently _______ in frequency; therefore, this is an example of _______ reinforcement

increased, negative

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When the dog sat at your feet an whined during breakfast one morning, you fed him. As a result, he sat at your feet and whined during breakfast the next morning. The consequence for the dog's whining consisted of the _______ of a stimulus

presentation

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.... and his behavior of whining subsequently _______ in frequency; therefore this is an example of _______ reinforcement

increased, positive

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Turning down the heat because you are too hot is an example of an _______ response; turning it down before you become too hot is and example of an _______ response

escape, avoidance

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When Sasha was teasing the dog, it bit her. As a result, she no longer teases the dog. The consequence for Sasha's behavior of teasing the dog was the _______ of a stimulus, and the teasing behavior subsequently _______ in frequency

presentation, decreased

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Therefore, this is an example of _______

positive punishment

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Whenever Sasha pulled the dog's tail, the dog left and went into another room. As a result, Sasha now pulls the dog's tail less often when it is around. The consequence for pulling the dog's tail was the _______ of a stimulus,

removal

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and the behavior of pulling the dog's tail subsequently _______ in frequency; therefore this is an example of _______

decreased, negative punishment

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When Alex burped in public during his date with Stephanie, she got angry with him. Alex now burps quite often when he is out on a date with Stephanie. The consequence for burping was the _______ of a stimulus,

presentation

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and the behavior of belching subsequently _______ in frequency; therefore, this is an example of _______

increased, positive reinforcement

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When Alex held the car door open for Stephanie, she made a big fuss over what a gentleman he was becoming. Alex no longer holds the card door open for her. The consequence for holding open the door was the _______ of a stimulus,

presentation

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and the behavior of holding open the door subsequently _______ in frequency; therefore, this is an example of _______

decrease, positive punishment

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When Tenzing shared his toys with his brother, his mother stopped criticizing him. Tenzing now shares his toys with his brother quite often. The consequence for sharing the toys was the _______ of a stimulus,

removal

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and the behavior of sharing the toys subsequently _______ in frequency; therefore, this is an example of _______

increased, negative reinforcement

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In general, the more _______ of the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior

immediate

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It is sometimes difficult for students to study in that the reinforcers for studying are _______ and therefore _______ , whereas the reinforcers for alternative activities are _______ and therefore _______

delayed, weak, immediate, strong

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It has been suggested that delayed reinforcers _______ function in the same manner as immediate reinforcers.

do not

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Rather, the effectiveness of delayed reinforcers in humans is largely dependent on the use of _______ or _______ to bridge the gap between the behavior and the delay

instruction, rules

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Events that are innately reinforcing are called _______ . They are sometimes also called _______

primary reinforcers, unconditioned reinforcers

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Events that become reinforcers through their association with other reinforcers are called _______. They are sometimes also called _______

secondary reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers

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Honey is for most people an example of a _______ reinforcer, while a coupon that is used to purchase the honey is an example of a _______ reinforcer

primary, secondary

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A _______ that has been associated with an appetitive _______ can serve as a secondary reinforcer for an operant response. As well, a stimulus that serves as a _______ for an operant response can also serve as a secondary reinforcer for some other reponse

CS, US, discriminative stimulus

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A generalized reinforcer (or generalized secondary reinforcer) is a secondary reinforcer that has been associated with _______

many other reinforcers

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Two generalized secondary reinforcers that have strong effects on human behavior are _______ and _______

money, attention

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Behavior modification programs in institutional settings often utilize generalized reinforcers in the form of _______ . This type of arrangement is known as

tokens, token economy

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An _______ motivated activity is one in which the activity is itself reinforcing; an _______ motivated activity is one in which the reinforcer for the activity consists of some type of additional consequence that is external to the activity

intrinsically, extrinsically

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Running to lose weight is an example of an _______ motivated activity; running because it "feels good" is an example of a _______ motivated activity

extrinsically, intrinsically

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A(n) _______ reinforcer is a reinforcer that typically occurs for that behavior in that setting; a(n) reinforcer is one that typically does no occur for that behavior in that setting

natural, contrived (or artificial)

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You flip the switch and the light comes on. The light coming on is an example of a(n) _______ reinforcer; in general, it is also and example of an _______ reinforcer

natural, extrinsic

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You thank your roommate for helping out with the housework in an attempt to motivate her to help out more often. To the extent that this works, the thank you is an example of a(n) _______ reinforcer; it is also and example of an _______ reinforcer

contrived, extrinsic

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IN applied behavior analysis, although one might initially use _______ consequences to first develop a behavior, the hope is that, if possible, the behavior will become _______ by the _______ associated with that behavior

contrived, trapped, natural consequences

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In most cases, the most important consequence in developing a highly effective slapshot in hockey will be the _______ consequence of where the puck goes and how fast it travels

natural

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Shaping is the creation of _______ operant behavior through the reinforcement of _______ to that behavior

new, successive approximations

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In clicker training with dogs, the click is a _______ reinforcer that has been established by first pairing it with _______ which is a _______ reinforcer

secondary, food, primary

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The advantages of using the click as a reinforcer is that it can be delivered _______. It can also prevent the animal from becoming _______

immediately, satiated

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avoidance behavior

Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery

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contrived reinforcers

Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting. Also called artificial reinforcers

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discriminative stimulus

As stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement

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discriminative stimulus for extinction

A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement

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descriminative stimulus for punishment

A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished

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escape behavior

A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus

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extrinsic reinforcement

The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic reinforcer

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generalized (or generalized secondary) reinforcer

A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers

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intrinsic reinforcement

Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing

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law of effect

As state by Thorndike, the proposition that behavior that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in", while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out"

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natural reinforcers

Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior; that is, they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting

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negative punishment

The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response

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negative reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) follwing a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response

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operant behavior

A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses

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operant conditioning

A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences

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positive punishment

The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response

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positive reinforcement

The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response

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primary reinforcer (or unconditioned reinforcer)

An event that is innately reinforcing

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punisher

An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) decreases the future probability of that behavior

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reinforcer

An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior

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secondary reinforcer (or conditioned reinforcer)

An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer

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shaping

The gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior

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three-term contingency

The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher

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