Wiley 18
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| Neutransmitters | Nervous
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| Hormones | Endocrine
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| Synapse, receptors, postsynaptic membrane | Nervous
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| Muscle, cells, gland cells, other neurons | Nervous
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| Typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second) | Nervous
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| Generally briefer (milliseconds) | Nervous
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| Far from site of release (target cell) | Endocrine
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| Cells throughout body | Endocrine
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| Seconds, hours, or days | Endocrine
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| Generally longer (seconds to days) | Endocrine
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| Chemical composition, metabolism, energy balance, glandulare secretions, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers are ALL functions of ____. | hormones
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| What controls growth and development | Hormones
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| What regulates operation of reproductive system? | Hormones
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| What helps establish circadian rhythms? | Hormones
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| Exocrine | outside
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| Endocrine glands | within secretion
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| What are 3 tissues that are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete hormones? | hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas.
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| autocrines | self
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| paracrines | beside or near
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| Down-regulation | if hormones is present in excess, # of target-cell receptors may decrease
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| Up-regulation | hormone is deficient, # of receptors may increase , target cell more sensitive to hormone
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| Lipid-soluble hormone (ex) | steroids, thyroid, and gas
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| Name steroid hormones | aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
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| Location of aldosterone, cortisol, and adrogens | adrenal cortes
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| Name thyroid hormones | T3 triiodothyronine, T4 throxine
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| Another name for thyroid gland | follicular cells
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| Name gas hormone | nitric oxide
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| Where is gas hormone located | endothelial cells lining blood vessels
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| Water-soluble hormones include | amines,peptides and proteins, and eicosanoids
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| Amines includes what hormomes? | epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, histamine, serotonin
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| Location of epinephrine, norepinephrine | adrenal medulla
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| Location of melatonin | pineal gland
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| Location of histamine | mast cells in connective tissues
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| Location of serotonin | platelets in blood
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| List Peptides and proteins hormone | all hpothalmic relasing and inhibiting hormones, onytocine, antidiuretic, prolactin, insulin, glucagon, calcitonin, gastrine, deptin, erythropeitin,
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| Location of peptides and proteins | hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, anterior pitutary, pancreas, throid gland, stomach and small intestine, kidneys, adipose,,
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| What hormone is for eicosanoids | prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
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| Where are prostaglandins, and leukotrienes located | all cells except red blood cells
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| Hormone transport in blood | -make lipid-soluble hormones temporarily water-solube, increasing solubility in blood
-retard passage of small hormone molecules through the filtering mechanism in kidneys, thus slowing hormone loss in urine.
-provide a ready reserve of hormone
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| What factors determine the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone? | changing the permeability of the plasma membrane, stimulation transport of a substance into or out of the target cells, altering the are of specific metabolic reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle or cardiac muscle.
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| permissive effects | increases the number of receptors for the other hormone.
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| synergistic effects | the effect of two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone.
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| antagonistic effects | one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone
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| What is the action of the receptor-hormone complex? | alter gene expression by turning specific genes of nuclear DNA on or off.
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| What there types of signals control hormone secretion? | nervous, chemical change in blood, other hormones
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| What is the functional importance of the hypophyseal portal veins? | carry blood from the median eminence of the hypothalamus, where hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are secreted, to anterior pituitary, where these hormones act.
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| What other target gland hormones suppress section of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones by negative feedback? | Thyroid hormones suppress secretion of GSH by throthrophs and of TRH by hypothalami neurosecretory cells, gonadal hor. suppress FSH and LK by gonadotrophs and of GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.
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| Hypoglycemia | abnormally low blood glucose concentration, stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHRH which flow toward the anterior pituitary in the hypophyseal portal veins.
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| Hyperglycemia | abnormally high blood glucose; stimulates hypothalamus to secrete GHIH while inhibiting the secretion of GHRH
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| If a person has a pituitary tumor that secrets a large amount of hGH and the tumor cells are not responsive to regulation by GHRH and GHIH, will hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia be more likely? | hyperglycemia due to excess hGH levels
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| Functionally, how are the hpothalamohpophseal tract and the hypophseal portal veins similar? Structurally, how are they different? | both carry hypothalmic hormones to the pituitary gland.
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| If you drank a liter of water, what effect would this have on osmotic pressure of your blood, and how would the level of ADH change in your blood? | decrease the osmotic pressure of your blood plasma turning off secretion of ADH and decreasing ADH level in blood
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| Human growth hormone (hGH), also known as somatotropin. | Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secrete insulin like growth factors (IGFs); IGFs promote growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose concentration.
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin | Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
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| Which of the following applies to the endocrine system? Select all that apply. | effects are long lasting
initial action is measured in hours to days
acts on all types of cells
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| Which of the following applies to the nervous system? Select all that apply. | acts on specific muscles and glands
effects are brief
initial action is measured in milliseconds
only releases neurotransmitters
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