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| positron emission | (also, β+ decay) conversion of a proton into a neutron, which remains in the nucleus, and a positron, which is emitted
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| radiation absorbed dose (rad) | SI unit for measuring radiation dose, frequently used in medical applications; 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
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| radiation dosimeter | device that measures ionizing radiation and is used to determine personal radiation exposure
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| radiation therapy | use of high-energy radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, which kills them or keeps them from dividing
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| radioactive decay | spontaneous decay of an unstable nuclide into another nuclide
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| radioactive decay series | chains of successive disintegrations (radioactive decays) that ultimately lead to a stable end-product
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| radioactive tracer | (also, radioactive label) radioisotope used to track or follow a substance by monitoring its radioactive emissions
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| radioactivity | phenomenon exhibited by an unstable nucleon that spontaneously undergoes change into a nucleon that is more stable; an unstable nucleon is said to be radioactive
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| radiocarbon dating | highly accurate means of dating objects 30,000–50,000 years old that were derived from once-living matter; achieved by calculating the ratio of 6 14C: 6 12C in the object vs. the ratio of 6 14C: 6 12C in the present-day atmosphere
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| radioisotope | isotope that is unstable and undergoes conversion into a different, more stable isotope
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| radiometric dating | use of radioisotopes and their properties to date the formation of objects such as archeological artifacts, formerly living organisms, or geological formations
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| reactor coolant | assembly used to carry the heat produced by fission in a reactor to an external boiler and turbine where it is transformed into electricity
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| relative biological effectiveness (RBE) | measure of the relative damage done by radiation
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| roentgen equivalent man (rem) | unit for radiation damage, frequently used in medicine; 1 rem = 1 Sv
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| scintillation counter | instrument that uses a scintillator—a material that emits light when excited by ionizing radiation—to detect and measure radiation
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| sievert (Sv) | SI unit measuring tissue damage caused by radiation; takes into account energy and biological effects of radiation
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| strong nuclear force | force of attraction between nucleons that holds a nucleus together
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| subcritical mass | amount of fissionable material that cannot sustain a chain reaction; less than a critical mass
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| supercritical mass | amount of material in which there is an increasing rate of fission
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| transmutation reaction | bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or neutrons
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| transuranium element | element with an atomic number greater than 92; these elements do not occur in nature
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| gamma ray | (γ or 0 0γ) short wavelength, high-energy electromagnetic radiation that exhibits wave-particle duality
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| Geiger counter | instrument that detects and measures radiation via the ionization produced in a Geiger-Müller tube
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| gray (Gy) | SI unit for measuring radiation dose; 1 Gy = 1 J absorbed/kg tissue
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| half-life (t1/2) | time required for half of the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay
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| internal radiation therapy | (also, brachytherapy) radiation from a radioactive substance introduced into the body to kill cancer cells
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| ionizing radiation | radiation that can cause a molecule to lose an electron and form an ion
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| magic number | nuclei with specific numbers of nucleons that are within the band of stability
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| mass defect | difference between the mass of an atom and the summed mass of its constituent subatomic particles (or the mass “lost” when nucleons are brought together to form a nucleus)
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| mass-energy equivalence equation | Albert Einstein’s relationship showing that mass and energy are equivalent
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| millicurie (mCi) | larger unit for rate of radioactive decay frequently used in medicine; 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/s
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| nonionizing radiation | radiation that speeds up the movement of atoms and molecules; it is equivalent to heating a sample, but is not energetic enough to cause the ionization of molecules
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| nuclear binding energy | energy lost when an atom’s nucleons are bound together (or the energy needed to break a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons)
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| nuclear chemistry | study of the structure of atomic nuclei and processes that change nuclear structure
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| nuclear fuel | fissionable isotope present in sufficient quantities to provide a self-sustaining chain reaction in a nuclear reactor
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| nuclear moderator | substance that slows neutrons to a speed low enough to cause fission
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| nuclear reaction | change to a nucleus resulting in changes in the atomic number, mass number, or energy state
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| nuclear reactor | environment that produces energy via nuclear fission in which the chain reaction is controlled and sustained without explosion
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| nuclear transmutation | conversion of one nuclide into another nuclide
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| nucleon | collective term for protons and neutrons in a nucleus
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| nuclide | nucleus of a particular isotope
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| parent nuclide | unstable nuclide that changes spontaneously into another (daughter) nuclide
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| particle accelerator | device that uses electric and magnetic fields to increase the kinetic energy of nuclei used in transmutation reactions
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| positron (+10β or +10 e) | antiparticle to the electron; it has identical properties to an electron, except for having the opposite (positive) charge
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| alpha (α) decay | loss of an alpha particle during radioactive decay
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| alpha particle (α or 24He or 24α) | high-energy helium nucleus; a helium atom that has lost two electrons and contains two protons and two neutrons
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| antimatter | particles with the same mass but opposite properties (such as charge) of ordinary particles
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| band of stability | (also, belt of stability, zone of stability, or valley of stability) region of graph of number of protons versus number of neutrons containing stable (nonradioactive) nuclides
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| becquerel (Bq) | SI unit for rate of radioactive decay; 1 Bq = 1 disintegration/s
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| beta (β) decay | breakdown of a neutron into a proton, which remains in the nucleus, and an electron, which is emitted as a beta particle
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| beta particle (β or −10e or −10β) | high-energy electron
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| binding energy per nucleon | total binding energy for the nucleus divided by the number of nucleons in the nucleus
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| chain reaction | repeated fission caused when the neutrons released in fission bombard other atoms
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| chemotherapy | similar to internal radiation therapy, but chemical rather than radioactive substances are introduced into the body to kill cancer cells
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| containment system | (also, shield) a three-part structure of materials that protects the exterior of a nuclear fission reactor and operating personnel from the high temperatures, pressures, and radiation levels inside the reactor
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| control rod | material inserted into the fuel assembly that absorbs neutrons and can be raised or lowered to adjust the rate of a fission reaction
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| critical mass | amount of fissionable material that will support a self-sustaining (nuclear fission) chain reaction
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| curie (Ci) | larger unit for rate of radioactive decay frequently used in medicine; 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/s
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| daughter nuclide | nuclide produced by the radioactive decay of another nuclide; may be stable or may decay further
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| electron capture | combination of a core electron with a proton to yield a neutron within the nucleus
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| electron volt (eV) | measurement unit of nuclear binding energies, with 1 eV equaling the amount energy due to the moving an electron across an electric potential difference of 1 volt
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| external beam radiation therapy | radiation delivered by a machine outside the body
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| fissile (or fissionable) | when a material is capable of sustaining a nuclear fission reaction
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| fission | splitting of a heavier nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei, usually accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy
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| fusion | combination of very light nuclei into heavier nuclei, accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy
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| fusion reactor | nuclear reactor in which fusion reactions of light nuclei are controlled
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| gamma (γ) emission | decay of an excited-state nuclide accompanied by emission of a gamma ray
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