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| four elements are essential to life | carbon hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen
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| what can you find out from atomic mass | protons plus neutrons
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| chemical behavior of an atom depends on what | the number of electrons in the valence shell
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| difference bt covalent and ionic bonds | covalent bonds share electrons bt atoms, ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction bt atoms
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| if an atom has an inner middle and valence electron shell, which would hold the highest potential energy | valence or outer shell
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| which of the following will be found in nearly all eukaryotic cells | mitochondria
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| prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. what are they | bacteria and archaea
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| what stucture is common to plant and animal cells | mitochondria
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| which of the following describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell | rough er transport vesicle golgi transport vesicle plasma membrane
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| 3 characteristics of prokaryotes | no nucleus, no organelles, smaller than eukaryotes
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| 3 characteristics of eukaryotes | DNA in nucleus, organelles, larger than eukaryotes
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| what is catabolism | breaking down
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| what is anabolism | building up
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| what is true of metabolism in its entirity in all organisms | it depends on constant supply of energy from food
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| what is true about enzymes | they increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation barrier
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| what are the 3 kinds of work a cell can do | chemical mechanical and transport
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| in animal cells where does glycolysis occur | cytosol
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| why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and an energy pay off phase | early steps consume energy fromATP later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH
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| the complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration occurs through which of the following sequence of metabolic reactions | glucose glycolysis pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle electron transport chain
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| what best describes the relationship of the light reactions and the calvin cycle | light reactions provide oxygen and carbon fixation for the calvin cycle in return the calvin cycle provides sugars to produce ATP
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| what is the difference bt photo system 1 and 2 | photo 1 recycles neutrons and photo 2 is linear
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| which photo system is coupled with the calvin cycle | 1
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| which of the following is true concerning cancer cells | they evade the controls that trigger cell death
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| what type of cells are produced by meiosis | a haploid animal cell
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| what event occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis | crossover of chromosomes
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| why did the F1 offspring of mendels pea crossover always look like one of the two parental varieties | one allele was dominant
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| which of the following traits is an example of polygenic inheritance | skin pigmentation
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| what is meant by antiparall regarding the two strands of nucleic acid that makes up DNA | it goes 5' to 3' and the lagging strand goes 3' to 5'
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| the leading strand and lagging strands of DNA formed during DNA replication differ that | the leading strand is replicated in the same direction of the replication fork and the lagging strand is replicated in the opposite direction
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| why is semi conservative replication important | it helps protect against mutations
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| what is an okazaki fragment | the lagging strand
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| which of the following descriptions of nucleotide triplets best represents a codon | a triplet in the same reading fragment and corresponding to an amino acid
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| what is the difference bt a DNA exon and intron | introns are non coding and exons are coding
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| how does phylogeny differ from systematics | in the classification of organisms by evolutionary history
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| how does a molecular clock work | by counting the number of nucleotide substitutions over fixed periods of time
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| please define convergent evolution | when 2 animals that are somewhat similar adapt in the same way, even though the animals are in different areas of the world
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| which of the following statements about species as defined by the biological species concept is are correct | bio species are defined by reproductive isolation and a species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible
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| which of the following reproductive types of isolation illustrates postzygotic barriers | hybrid breakdown
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| the phylogenetic species of concept defines a species as | the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor
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| the evolution of mammals from early tetrapods | is an example of macro evolution
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| which of these planet substances is the richest of fossils | sedimentary rock
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| which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes | addition of oxygen to the atmosphere
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| which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life | 2 3 1 4
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| the first genes on earth were probably | self replicating RNA molecules
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| what are the three most common prokaryotic bacterial shapes | rod sphere spiral
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| which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells | the similarity in size bt the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplast
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| the evolution of multicellularity in animals has primarily occurred by | changing how existing genes are used
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| of the 4 supergroups of eukaryotes which one contains red algae green algae and all land plants | archeplastida
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| please describe one of the supergroups | archeplastida has red and green algae and all land plants
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| challenges for survival of the first land plants include | sources of water sperm transfer desiccation 1 2 3
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| adaptions in plants to life on land include | cuticles tracheids reduced gametophyte generation multicellular dependant embryos 2 3 4 5
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| sponges are most accurately described as | filter feeders
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| which of the following clades contains the greatest number of animal species | the bilaterans
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| which of the following is incorrectly matched | eutherians; egg laying mammals
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| what is not true about hominins | increased brain size led to bipedalism in hominins
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| what are the 3 true tissue layers | ectoderm endoderm and midderm
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| certain nutrients are considered essential in the diet of animals because | they are required for animal diets but these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
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| the large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates | absorption
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| the molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at | grinding
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| a group of animals in which a relatively long digestive system is likely to be found is the | herbivores
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| what are the fat soluble vitamins | ADEK
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| what are 2 adaptions of vertebrae digestive system | a shorter system
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| what does essential mean when referring to an essential nutrient such as an amino acid | it isnt made by the body naturally
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| which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from the most to least inclusive | population ecosystem individual community
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| which marine zone is expected to have the lowest rates of primary productivity (photsynthesis | abyssal
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| a population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics | inhabits the same general area
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| which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate | tropical forests-nearly constant day length and temperature
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| what is cytokinesis | splitting of cytoplasm
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| 3 reasons the fossil record favors certain species | had hard parts
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| what is vertical layering and why is it good | contains different layers like a mountain forest. different populations at different levels
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