Chapter 19 & 20

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

white, published "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in 1852 as an attempt to show the North the horrors of slavery. Published abroad, including France and Britain, helped to start the Civil War and for the North to win it

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Hinton R. Helper

a non-aristocrat from North Carolina, wrote "The Impending Crisis of the South" in 1857. He hated both blacks and slavery, and he attempted to use statistics to prove that the non-slaveholding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

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John Brown

fanatical abolitionist who, in May of 1856, hacked to death 5 presumed pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie Creek in response to the pro-slavery events in Lawrence. He also raided an the arsenal at Harper's Ferry in an attempted slave raid

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James Buchanan

Democrat, succeeded Pierce as the President of the US in the election of 1856. Strong Southern influence, approved of the Lecompton Constitution. Divided the Democratic party by enraging Northern Democrats, divided remaining national party and the Union

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Charles Sumner

an abolitionist from Massachusetts who, in 1856, gave a provoking speech condemning pro-slavery men, during this speech, he also personally insulted Senatot Andrew Butler of South Carolina

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John C. Fremont

chosen by the Republicans as their candidate for the election of 1856 because he was not influenced by the Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Dred Scott

a slave who had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and the Wisconsin territory who sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil

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Roger Taney

argued against Dred Scott in the Dred Scott vs. Stanford case and said that Scott was not legally a citizen and that Congress was not allowed to make decisions over the institution of slavery

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John C. Breckenridge

was chosen by the Southern Democrats as vice presidential candidate for the election of 1860

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John Bell

nominated as the presidential candidate by the Constitutional Union Party, which was originally the Whigs and the Know Nothings

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Abraham Lincoln

presidential candidate for the Republican Party in the election of 1860. He won the election but did not win the popular vote, 60% of the nation voted for another candidate. 10 Southern states did not allow Lincoln to appear on the ballot

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Jefferson Davis

chosen in February 1861 by the newly created Confederate States of America as President

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John Crittenden

Senator from Kentucky who made a last effort to save the Union by introducing a bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, proposed amendment to the Constitution that guaranteed the right to hold slaves in states south of the line

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe as an attempt to show the North the horrors of slavery (1852), published abroad, including France and Britain, and helped to start the Civil War and for the North to win it

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The Impending Crisis of the South

written by Hinton R. Helper in 1857 and attempted to use statistics to prove that non-slaveholding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

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New England Emigrant Aid Society

a group of abolitionists who paid some people to move to Kansas to make it a free state

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Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

John Brown hacked to death 5 presumed pro-slavery men in response to the pro-slavery events in Lawrence in May of 1856

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Lecompton Constitution

created by pro-slaveryites to keep abolitionists from making Kansas a free state, stated people weren't allowed to vote for or against the it, only for or against slavery in it. If slavery were voted against, it would protect who already own slaves

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"Bleeding Kansas"

Kansas was being disputed for being free of slave soil between 1854-1857, there was popular sovereignty to decide this. In 1857, there were enough Free Soilers, feuding eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces

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Know-Nothing Party

developed from the Order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made of nativists. Organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. Anti-foreign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "Americans must rule America"

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Dred Scott Decision

Missouri slave sued for freedom, 4 year stay in Northern portion of Louisiana made free by Missouri Compromise made him free. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in court b/c he was not a citizen and Congress could not have say in slavery boundary lines

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Panic of 1857

California Gold Rush increased inflation, speculation in lands & railroads ripped economic fabric, hit N harder than S b/c S had cotton for income, N wanted free land from gov, S closer to showdown, increase in tariffs, gave R issue for election of 1860

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of 7 debates. Though Douglas won the Senate seat, they gave Lincoln fame and helped him later win the Presidency. They foreshadowed the Civil War

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Freeport Doctrine

occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of Lincoln and Douglas for Senator. This was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South knew that he was not truly supporting them

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Harper Ferry's Raid

occurred in October of 1859, John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get them organized an was captured

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Effects of Harper Ferry's Raid

The South saw the raid as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr for the abolitionist cause

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Constitutional Union Party

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party, 1860 election, it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union. Consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell as the candidate for Presidency

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Crittenden Compromise

1860 attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden, offered constitutional amendment recognizing slavery South of 36 30 line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

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Attack on Fort Sumter

fort in Charleston harbor that flew Union's flag when Lincoln was elected, needed supplies to support its men. Lincoln told South he was sending provisions, not supplies, but the South took this as an act of aggression and fired upon it on April 12, 1861

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Submissionists

The 11 seceded States

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Virginia, Arkensas, and Tennessee

seceded after the attack on Fort Sumter

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Border States

the only slave states that hadn't seceded from the Union. Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and West Virginia

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Trent Affair

Union warship stopped a British mail steamer and removed 2 Confederate diplomats who were heading to Europe. Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was resolved when Lincoln freed the prisoners

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Alabama

British shipyards were surreptitiously producing Confederate commerce raiders. The British ships left their ports unarmed, picked up arms elsewhere, and captured Union ships

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Charles Francis Adams

the US minister to England during the Civil War who kept pressure on the British government to pay for destroyed shipping

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Napoleon III

treated the Union with contempt, invaded Mexico when the government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. Refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw from Mexico

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Archduke Maximilian

an Austrian Archduke who was appointed to Emperor of Mexico. Napoleon III abandoned him in 1867 and Mexico was once again independent. After the Civil War, the US invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers

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Morrill Tariff Act

a high protective tariff that increased duties by 5% to 10%. Designed to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for the Northern manufacturers

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Greenback

The Washington treasury issued paper money, which was not backed y gold, it was backed by the Union's perceived credit. Because of this, the value was constantly changing

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National Banking System

Designed to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to establish a standard currency. Banks who joined could buy government bonds and issue paper money that was backed by the bonds

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New York Draft Riots

In July 1863, mobs of Irish working class men and women roamed the streets for 4 days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight on behalf of slaves who once freed would compete with them for jobs

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