gas laws, temps, heat,
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| Occurs when temperature is constant, pressure is inversely proportional to volume As pressure increase volume decrease As pressure decrease volume increase First gas law | Boyles Law
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| At a constant pressure the volume of a given mass varies directly with temperature. Second gas law Volume increase temp increase pressure is constant. This is a linear process Second gas law | Charles Law
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| At constant VOLUME the absolute pressure of a given mass varies directly with the absolute temperature. Third gas law | Gay Lussac's Law
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| Boyles Law, Charles Law, and Gay Lussac's Law any of these properties can be found mathematically. | Combined Law
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| The law states that the product of the volume of a gas and its pressure over the temperature is equal to a constant. Expressed mathematically as pV/T=k | Combined Law
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| For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as | P1xV1/T1 = P2xV2/T2
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| Equal volumes of gas, at the same temp and pressure, contain the same number of particles or molecules | Avogdro's Hypothesis
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| The idea gas constant has the same value for all gases | Avagadro's Law
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| The state of an amount of gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature thus pv = nRt p= pressure, v= volume, n= number of moles, R= is the gas constant, t= temperature in kelvins | Idea gas law
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| What is the gas constant (R) of Pascals-Meter per mole-Kelvin | 8.314472
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| What is the gas constant (R) of moles | .0821
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| The idea gas law is most accurate for what type of gas | monotomic gases
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| Idea gas law is favored at _______ temperatures and _______ pressures | high and low
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| This law states that the total pressure exerted by gaseous mixture is equaled to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in a gas mixture | Dalton's Law also called Dalton Law of partial pressures
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| This law assumes that gases do not react with each other | Dalton's Law
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| Temperature above which a subtance can not be liquified no matter how much pressure is applied is known as? | Critical Temperature
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| Critical temp for Nitrous oxide is | 36.5 C
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| Adiabatic heating occurs when the _____ of a gas is _______ | Pressure and increased
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| Adiabatic cooling occurs when the _____ of a gas is ________ | pressure and decreased
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| The SI unit of work is | Joules
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| One Joule of work is done when a force of one ______ moves the point of applicaion one meter in the direction of force | Newton
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| Energy is always | Conserved
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| Work can be defined as | distance x force
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| If P = F/A therefore F = PA if V = DA therefore D = V/A Consequently work = | PA x V/A = PV
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| The energy for contraction is derived from the chemical energy conversion of | carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to ATP
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| Work = muscle shortening x | mean force exerted
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| Energy is not lost but converted from | one form to another
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| For calulations to work pressure must be in ____ and volume must be in __________ | pascals and cubic meters
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| Half of mechanical energy during inspiration is stored in the __________. The other half is used to overcome airway __________ | elastic tissues and resistnace
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| What is Osmosis | The passage of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution when the two are seperated by a semipermeable membrane.
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| Heat is loss from the body by conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. Rank these routes from most to least heat loss | Radiation > convection > evaporation > conduction
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| Through which route does a burn partient lose the highest percentage of body heat? | Evaporation
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| For each one degree decrease in temperature, metabolism decrease by what percentage? | 7% for each degree centegrade
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| Where are the centers for heat loss and heat gain located? | heat loss center is located in the anterior hypothalmus and heat gain is located in the posterior hypothalmus
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| What is the more common temperature disorder during anesthesia, hypothermia or hyperthermia? | Hypothrmia
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| How does hypothermia alter systemic vascualr resistance and cardiac output? | Hypothermiais associated with increased SVR and myocardial depression (decreaed cardiac output).
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| What four groups of patients are at risk for intraoperative hypothermia? | 1. pediatrics, 2. geriatrics, 3. hypothyroid, 4. patients with hypothalmic lesions.
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| Hypothermia is associated with what hematologic changes? | 1. increase blood viscosity, 2. left shift shift in oxyhemoblobin curve, 3. impaired coagulation, 4. thrombocytopenia
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| Hypothermia has what effect on drug elimination? | Elimination of drugs are slowed because hepatic blood flow and metabolism are decreased, which slows excretion of drugs
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| Identify 6 physiologic disturbances caused by hypothermia. | 1.oxyhemoglobin curve shift to the left 2. increaed shivering 3. drug biotransformation are slowed 4. glomerular filtration rate is decreased 5. profound CNS depression 6. bradycardia and increased PVC's
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| Why is emergence delayed in the patient who is hypothermic | hypothermia reduces elimination of aneshtetics and prolongs awakening. Hypothermia decrease the overall rate of metabolism.
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| What is the earliest sign of Malignant Hypothermia | Increased end-tidal CO2
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| How fast may temp rise during an epeisode of MH | 1-2 degrees Celsius every 5 mins
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| What is responsible for the increase sympathetic nerveous system stimulation during an episode of MH | Hypercarbia
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| Which drugs should be avoided in patients with a family history of MH | Succinylcholine and volatile agents ie desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane and enflurane
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| What nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent may trigger MH | Tubocurarine (d-Tubocurarine chloride, dTC)
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| What body temperature should cooling be stopped with MH | 38 degrees C
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| If the blood:gas partition coeffecient is large, is the uptake slow or fast; is the onset slow or fast; and is the rise of the of the FA/FI slow or fast | An inhalational agent with a large blood:gas coeffecient is hghly lipid soluble. So uptake is FAST but speed of onset and the rise in FA/FI is slow. The higher the blood gas coeffecient, the greater the anesthetic uptake by the pulmonary circulation.
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| For a volatile agent that is poolry blood soluble (small blood:gas partition coeffecient)iss the uptake of agent by the blood slow or fastand is the rise in the FA/FI curve slow or fast | poorly soluble volatile agents the uptake is slow, the speed of onset is fast, the rise in the FA/FI curve is fast.
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| Brain uptake of anesthetics depend on what four factors? | 1. Blood solubilty, 2.Cardiac output (decrease in cardiac output increase anesthetic carried to the brain) 3. Alveolar ventilation 4. inspired concentration
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| How can you calculate how much oxygen is dissolved in the blood? What laws applies? | Multiply PO2 x 0.003 = amount of oxygen dissloved into blood. The units are ml O2/100ml of blood. This is Henry's law
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| When the PaO2 is 200 mm/Hg at normal body temperature, how many ml of oxygen will in 100 ml of blood plasma? | 0.003 x 200 = .6 ml O2/100 ml blood.
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| Process by which the molecules of a substance transfer through a layer or area such as the surface of a solution. | Diffusion
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| Diffusion is dependent on memebrane area and what? | thickkness
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| Diffusion is proportional to what? | Tension Gradient
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| With diffusion smaller molecules diffuse _______ and larger molecules diffuse ________ | Faster and Slower
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| If there is no tension gradient there is no what? | Diffusion
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| Rate of diffusion of a substance across a unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient | Fick's Law
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| Rate of diffusion is determined by what property | Solubility of gas
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| CO2 diffuses rapildly thus it has a ______ equilibration in a short peroid of time | fast
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| Blood transfer from capillaries to lungs in | .75 secs or 750 mili seconds
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| Problem with diffusion ultimately results in | hypoxemia
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| Diffusion is inveresly proportional to square root of molecular weight is known as? | Graham's Law
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| Diffusion is proportional to | membrane thickness
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| Diffusion is inversely proportional to the | molecular weight of the substance diffusing
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| Diffusion is directly proportional to the | membrane area
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| liquids diffuse faster or slower than gases | Slower
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| basic principle of osmosis is one mole of particles of solute in 22.4 liters produces how many kPa | 101.325 kPa or 1 atm
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| Osmolarity is moles per | liter
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| Osmolalty is moles per | kilogram
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| Oncotic pressure is osmotic pressure related to what? | proteins
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| What are the components of saline? | Sodium, potasium, calciuum, and lactate chloride
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| total osmolarity is | 278 mmol per liter
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| Body osmolarity is | 300 mmol per liter
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| Capillaries act as what | Semipermeable membranes
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| Interstial has no what? | Proteins
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| Difference in osmolar gradient is called | osmotic pressure
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| Provides flow out of arterioles to venules thus providing oxygen and wasing out CO2 | Oncotic pressure
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| Edema is caused by lack of | Oncotic pressure
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| Depression of vapor pressure of a solvent is proportional to the molar concentration of a solute | Raoult's Law
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| Used to measure osmolarity | Raoult's law
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| What are the four properties affected by osmolarity | 1. osmotic pressure, 2. freezing point depression, 3. vapor pressure reduction, 4. boiling point elevation
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| A mixture which vaporizes in the same proportion as its constituent volume proportions is known as | Application of Raoult's Law
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| Alcohol 96% and water 4% evaporate at the same rate. This is known as | Raoult's Law
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| Energy expended during stretch of elastic tissues = | 1/2 PV pressure times volume
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| Energy required for exhaling is | 1/2 PV
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| Energy required for inhaling is | twice that of exhaling
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| Inpsiration requires how many joules of energy | 300 mj
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| During spontaneous breathing how much energy is wasted on heat | 90% thus 10% effecient process
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| Expiration requires how many joules of energy | 150 mj
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| One watt equals | 1 joule per second
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| Power can be defined as | rate of work
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| power is measured how | watts
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| work of inspiration = 300 mj resp = 16 how many mW is this | 300 x 16 / 60 = 80 mW
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| Body's normal metabolic rate is | 80 watts
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| Pressure is proportional to flow; therefore power is proportional to flow squared | Laminar flow
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| Pressure is proportional to the square of the flow; therefore power is proportional to the third power of the flow | Turbulent Flow
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| As frequency increase the velocity in the airway _________ | Increases
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| In regards to hyperventilation, energy requirements increase by what power of the flow | Third power
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| During hyperventilation increase in oxygen can not keep up with ______________ requirements | Metabolic
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| As time constant decrease the frequency of ventilation | Increases
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| Work of myocardial contractions generateds how many mj? | 960 mj
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| For the right side of the heart P = 2.4 kPa flow is the same power is equal to how many watts? | 0.2 watts
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| Total power of the right side of the heart is equal to how many watts | 1.2 watts
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| Increase in BP and CO does what to the energy requirements of the heart? Which leads to what | Increase demand and heart failure
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| Name three govenmental agencies that are involved in the process of monitoring of temperature in the O.R. | JACHO, ASA, Accredidation agencies
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| Heat is what energy form | Kinetic
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| What does the thermal state of substance determines? | whether heat will flow to or from a substance
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| What is the Si units of heat | Kelvins
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| What are the four principle routes with typical heat losses in percent? | 1. Radiation 40% 2. Convection 30% 3. Evaporation 20% 4. Respiration 10% (8% evaporation 2% heating of air)
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| Radiation is depentdent on 2 things | Surrounding temperature and Surrounding radiant heat source
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| Radiation may account up to what percentage of heat losss? | 50%
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| How does metallic caps minimize heat loss? | By reflecting heat back to head
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| This type of heat loss can be minimize by trapping air betweeen a blanket, or other object an patient | Convection
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| Sweating may increase heat losss by a factor of ten | Surface Evaporation
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| Physiologic control of temperature is mediated by what part of the brain? | Hypothalmus
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| Body temperature below what degrees can be lethal | 35 Celsius
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| Proteins and enzymes work within a _______ temperature range. | Narrow
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| Thermoregulatory center may be set too high is known as | Pyrexia
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| Cerbral impairment may occur at what temperature because of a cascade effect? | 42 Celsius
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| What are known triggering agents of Malignant Hyperthermia? | Succinylcholine and volatile anesthetics
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| The amount of heat that is required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degree kelvin | Specific Heat
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| SI unit of specific heat capacity | J/(kg K)
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| How do you calculate Specific heat capacity? | Specific heat capacity is 3.5 kJ/(kg C)thus a 70kg patient = 3.5 x 70 = 245 kj/C this means that to change the temp of a 70 kg patient would either have to add or remove 245 kJ
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| what is the specific heat capacity | 3.5 kJ/Kg C
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| How long is it necessary to shiver to increase temperature by one degree C (assume a 70 kg pt) | 70 x 3.5 = 245kJ/C patient has 80 watts to begin with when they shiver the heat quadruples to 320. Subtract 80 from 320 = 240, 240 x 60 = 14400 or 14.4, 245/14.4 = 17.13 minutes
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| 4.18 J = how many calories | One calorie
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| 4.8 kJ = how many how many kilocalories | One kilocalorie = 1C
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| 2 kg of blood given to a patient patient's temp is 36 C what is the body's heat content? | 2kg x 3.6 kJ C kg x (36-5)thus 2x3.6x31)kJ = 223.2 kj
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| Air is equal to | 1.01 kJ C kg
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| How much energy does the body expend warming cool air at 7 liters per minute from room tempratures at 20 C to 36 C | 7L x 1.2(SH of air) x 14 (difference in temps)/60 thus 7 x 1.2 x 14 = 117.6/60 = 1.96
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| Change of state without change in temperature is known as | Latent Heat
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| An example of latent heat is | when a substance change from a liquid to a gas
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| The heat required to convert 1kg of a substance from one phase to another at a given temperature is known as | Specific Latent Heat
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| the SI unit of specific latent heat is | Jkg-1
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| In regards to specific heat; as temperature decreases the specific latent heat does what | increase
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| What is Ethyl Chloride used for | Anesthetize skin for minor procedures
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| When anesthetics vaporize it drops the pressure of the vapor, which does what to the concentraion of inhaled anesthetics | reduces the concentration
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| As nitrous oxide tanks empty the liquid turns into what? | a vapor
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| 4.1 bars equal how much pressure | 50
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| If humidity in upper trachea is 34 mg/L and assuming the minute volume is 7L what is the total latent heat? | then 0.238 g/min = 7L/min x 34 mg/Lf total latent heat = specific heat of vaporizaton at 37 C x total water =2.42MJ/kg x 0.000238kg/min = 576 J/min = 9.6W
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| What is te total heat loss from respiration | Humified O2 = 9.6 watts warming O2 = 2 wattstotal energy = 11.6 watts
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| What law explains why gas bubbles distend when N2O is turned on or collapse when N2O is turned off? | Fick’s law of diffusion
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| What happens when to PACO2 and PAO2 when the N2O is shut off? | When N2O is shut off, gases in the alveoli are diluted by the in-rushing N2O,so PACO2 and PACO2 decrease
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| The dilutional effect of anesthesia occurs when which phase of anesthesia is initiated? | The dilutional effect occurs during emergence
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| If the patient has a closed pneumothorax and then N2O is turned on with the inspired concentration set at 75%, how long will it take for the volume of the pneumothorax to double? | twenty minutes
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| If the lipid solubility of an agent is high, then the MAC of the agent is | Low
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| Potency of an inhalational agent is directly related to its? | lipid solubility
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| MAC is inversely related to | Potency
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| If an agent is highly blood soluble, then the blood:gas coeffecient is | High
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| Blood solubility determines? | speed of uptake of agent y the brain
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| Brain uptake of an inhalational agent is related to cardiac output in what manner | inversely related brain uptake is accelerated if cardiac output is low
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| which inhalational agent causes the greatest change in heart rate | Enflurane
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| Which inhalational agent has the kleast effect on arterial blood pressure? | Sevoflurane
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