Endocrine System
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| How are hormones transported throughout the body? | Through the blood
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| What are Target Cells? | Cells with the specific receptor for a hormone
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| What are the two control systems of the body? | Endocrine and Nervous System
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| What are the two types of Metabolism? | Anabolism and Catabolism
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| What is Anabolism? | Small molecules joined to form larger ones
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| What is Catabolism? | Large molecules broken down into smaller ones
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| What is Metabolism? | The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body
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| What are Ligands? | Chemical messengers that bind to cellular receptors on particular target cells
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| Which control system typically has slower, longer-lasting effects? | Endocrine System because the hormone travels all throughout the body through the blood
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| What general effects can hormones have on the characteristics of blood? | Volume and Composition
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| What type of tissue make up glands? | Epithelial tissue
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| Name glands that have solely endocrine function (5) | Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands
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| Name "glands" that are clusters of cells in organs with another function (12) | Hypothalamus, Skin, Thymus, Heart, Liver, Stomach, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Adipose Connective Tissue, Kidneys, Gonads
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| Which organs has both an endocrine and exocrine function? | Pancreas
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| What can initiate a hormone release? | Hormonal, humoral, and nervous
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| Hormonal Stimulation: | A gland cell release its hormone when some other hormone binds to it
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| Humoral Stimulation: | A gland cell releases its hormone when there is a certain change in levels of a nutrient or ion in the blood
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| Nervous Stimulation: | A gland cell releases its hormone when a neuron stimulates it
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| Is the entire pancreas and endocrine organ? | No, it also has exocrine function
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| Parathyroid hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels drop too low. What sort of stimulation is this? | Humoral
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| What hormones are non-polar and hydrophobic? | Lipid-Soluble
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| Since blood is polar, how does non-polar hormones move through the blood? | With the help of a protein
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| What hormones are polar and hydrophilic? | Water-Soluble
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| Which type of hormone, Lipid- or Water- Soluble, last longer in the body? | Lipid-Soluble
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| What are local signaling molecules? | Molecules that are release from the production cells and bind with the same producing cell or neighboring cell
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| Autocrine | The producing cell binds the hormone to itself.
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| Paracrine | The hormone is released and binds to a neighboring cell
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| Insulin is made up of a chain of amino acids. What class of hormone is it? Is it water-soluble, or lipid-soluble? | Protein, water-soluble
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| How are prostaglandins synthesized? | Cytosgenisus
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| What are the three types of Hormone elimination? | Enzymatic degradation in liver cells, Removal from blood via kidney excretion or target cell uptake, the faster the elimination rate = the lower the blood concentration
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| How are hormones synthesized? | By the cell
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| If hormone X and hormone Y had the same rate of synthesis, but X's elimination rate was faster, which would be at a higher level in the blood? | Y
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| Which type of hormone generally has a protein carrier in the blood? | Lipid-Soluble
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| What type of hormone, Water- or Lipid-Soluble, can diffuse through the Plasma Membrane? | Lipid-Soluble, because it it non-polar
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| How do Water-Soluble hormones enter the cell? | Through bind receptors on the Plasma Membrane, which activates a signaling cascade.
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| What is another name for "signaling cascade"? | Signal Tansduction Pathway
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| G-Protein Coupled Receptor: Fist Messenger: | Hormone
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| G-Protein Coupled Receptor: Second Messenger: | Inside of the cell
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| What does the Second Messenger activate? | Protein Kinase which is an enzyme that phosphates a molecule to activate it, or an ion channel
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| Synergistic: | work together; estrogen and progesterone
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| Permissive: | prolactin and oxytocin
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| If someone were to take a large dose of artificial hormone, how might target cells respond to maintain a normal level of response? | Down-Regulate Receptors
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| What type of interaction occurs when a target cell has receptors for two hormones causing opposing effects? | Antagonistic
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| Where are target cells receptors for lipophilic hormones located? | Cytosol or nucleus
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| What is protein kinase A, and what role does it have in a signal pathway? | 2nd messenger, an enzyme that phosphoralates a molecule to activate it
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| Where does DAG come from, and what function does it serve? | Amplifies the signal, and more places for regulation
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| Up-Regulatory Receptors | Not enough hormone in blood, increases the number of receptors on the membrane or in the cells (Lipid-soluble)
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| Down-Regulatory Receptors | Decrease in the number of receptors, too much hormone in blood
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| Tolerance of drugs is caused by: | Down-Regulatory Receptors
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| What does the Pituitary Gland control? | Liver, thyroid, adrenal, testes/ovaries
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| The Posterior Pituitary is storage and release site for: | Oxycontin (OT) and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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| The three areas of the Anterior Pituitary are: | Pars distalis, Pars tuberalis, and Pars intermedia
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| An increase in amino acids in the blood cause an increase in: | Growth Hormone release
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| A decrease in glucose/fatty acids cause and increase in: | Growth Hormone release
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| Where are secondary plexus blood vessels located? | Anterior Pitutary
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| Where are tropic hormones synthesized and what is their general function? | Anterior Pituitary- they release other hormones
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| Where is Oxycontin (OT) synthesized and where is it release? | Made by the hypothalamus, and released by the Pituitary
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| How does the Hypothalamus communicate with the Anterior Pituitary? | Hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones that travel through the portal blood vessels to the Anterior Pituitary
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| How does the Hypothalamus communicate with the Posterior Pituitary? | Neurosecretory Cells
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| What are follicular cells, and what do they do? | Produce and release Thyroid Hormones (TH) T3 and T4
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| What are follicular cells, and what do they do? | Produce and release Calcionin.
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| What is the job of Calcionin? | Regulates blood calcium levels
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| What is a colloid? | Lumen filled with protein fluid.
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| How are T3 and T4 transported through the blood? | Carrier molecules
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| Does the Thyroid produce more T3 or T4? | 90% is T4, but T3 is more active
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| What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism? | Increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity, heat intolerance, and Graves disease
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| How is Hyperthyroidism treated? | By removal of the Thyroid, and the patient then takes hormone supplements
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| What causes Hyperthyroidism? | Excessive production of Thyroid Hormone (TH). Usually due to medications or tumors
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| What causes Hypothyroidism? | Decreased production of Thyroid Hormone (TH)
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| What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism? | Low metabolic rate, lethargy, cold intolerance, weight gain, and photophobia
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| How is Hypothyroidism treated? | Thyroid Hormone (TH) replacement
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| A Goiter is caused by: | Insufficient dietary intake of Iodine
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| What is more common, Hypo- or Hyper- thyroidism? | Hypothyroidism
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| Mineralocoticoids regulate: | Electrolyte levels
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| What is the two layers of the Adrenal Gland? | Adrenal medulla (inner core) and Adrenal cortex (outer)
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| What is the three layers of the Adrenal cortex? | Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis (inner)
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| The Adrenal medulla releases: | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| The Adrenal cortex release: | Cortocosteroids
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| The main mineralocorticoid that is released by the Adrenal cortex is: | Aldosterone, that fosters Na+ retention and K+ secretions in the kidneys
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| Glucocorticoids regulate: | Blood sugar
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| What is the main Glucocorticoid that is produced by the Adrenal cortex? | Cortisol, which increases blood sugar
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| The exocrine cells of the Pancreas are called: | Acini cells, which secrete hormones to aid in digestion
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| What are the two main types of Pancreatic islets which have endocrine function? | Alpha which secrete glucagon, and Beta which secrete insulin
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| What is the normal glucose blood level range? | 70 to 110 mg of glucose/deciliter
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| Low levels of glucose can cause: | Lethargy, mental and physical impairment, and death
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| Which Type of diabetes is where no insulin is produced at all? | Type 1
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| Diabetes can cause: | Blood vessel damage, retinal blindness, kidney failure, non-traumatic amputation, and is associated with stroke and heart disease
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| Insulin injects are used for Type: | Type 1
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| Diet, exercise, and medication is used for Type: | Type 2
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| If glucose levels drop below 60, it's considered: | Hypoglycemia
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| Symptoms of hypoglycemia include: | hunger, dizziness, confusion, sweating, and sleepiness
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| Hypoglycemia can be caused by: | Insulin OD, prolonged exercise, alcohol use, liver or kidney dysfunction
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| Glucagon raises: | Blood glucose levels
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| Can glucagon be given in a hypoglycemic emergency? | Yes
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| Glucagon is released by: | The liver
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| What function is served by the pancreatic islets? | Produces insulin and glucagon
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| What effect would a decrease in insulin levels be expected to have on blood sugar? | Increase of glucose
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| How is it that changes in the levels of fatty acids in the blood can affect blood sugar levels? | Increase blood glucose
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| Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has | More widespread and long-lasting effects
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| Protein hormones are: | Water-Soluble
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| Eicosanoids are synthesized from: | Arachidonic acid
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| When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating: | Paracrine signaling
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| Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? | Lipid-Soluble Hormone
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| Lipophilic hormones bind to _______ receptors of target cells? | Intracellular
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| Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such as: | Each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activates many
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| Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to: | Up-Regulate receptors in order to increase to increase cell sensitivity
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| Glucagon and insulin work ______ on blood glucose levels | Antagonistically
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| Two regions of the hypothalamus that are associate with the posterior pituitary are the | Paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus
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| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the | Hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
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| A rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose and fatty acid levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels | Increase
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