Stack #2102829
Help!
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| What is a signal transduction pathway? | Signal on cell’s surface that’s converted to a specific cellular response
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| How does yeast mating serve as an example of a signal transduction pathway? |
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| How does a hormone qualify as a long-distance signaling example? | Hormones can travel to any part of the body via the circulatory system.
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| How do immune cells and neurons exhibit local signaling? |
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| reception | Detection of signaling molecule
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| transduction | Signal converted to form that can bring about a specific cellular response.
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| response | transduced signal triggers specific response
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| ligand | Molecule that specifically binds to another, usually bigger molecule.
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| G protein-coupled receptor |
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| G Protein |
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| GDP |
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| What is the difference between a first messenger and a second messenger? | First messenger is the ligand, second messenger is any small, non-protein components of a signal transduction pathway.
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| What is the role of cAMP? | cAMP activates protein kinase A, which causes a cellular response.
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| What happens to the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium when it is used as a second messenger? | it increase
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| When cell signaling causes a response in the cytoplasm, what normally happens? | Regulation of activity of proteins.
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| What specifically happens to a cell during the process of apoptosis? | DNA chopped up, cell shrinks, lobes up, vesicles form, digestion by scavenger cells.
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| How do scaffolding proteins enhance a cellular response? | Enhancement of speed and accuracy because the rate of response is no longer limited by rate of diffusion.
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| What are two benefits of multistep pathways? | Amplification of signal, and better regulation.
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| What is the role of protein kinase? | Transfer phosphate groups from ATP to proteins.
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| What is the role of protein phosphatases? | Remove phosphate groups from proteins.
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| When cell signaling causes a response in the nucleus, what normally happens? | Proteins become transcription factors, certain genes are chosen, these are then transcribed.
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| When cell signaling causes a response in the cytoplasm, what normally happens? | Regulation of activity of proteins.
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| How do scaffolding proteins enhance a cellular response? | Enhancement of speed and accuracy because the rate of response is no longer limited by rate of diffusion.
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