About Science
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| Scientific method | Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
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| Hypothesis | An educated guess; a reasonable explanation of an observation or experimental result that is not fullhy accepted as factual until tested over and over again by experiment.
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| Fact | A phenomenon about which competent observers who have made a series of observations are in agreement.
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| Law | A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as a principle
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| Theory | A synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world.
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| Pseudoscience | Fake science that pretends to be real science.
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| What is the role of equations in this course? | The equations are guides to thinking that show the connections between concepts in nature. The methods of mathematics and experimentation led to enormous success in science.
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| What are the circular spots of light seen on the ground beneath a tree on a sunny day? | Pinhole images of the sun, where light shines through openings in the leaves that are small compared with the distance to the ground below. A round spot 5 centimeters in diameter, for example, is cast by an opening that is 110 x 5 cm above ground.
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| Outline the steps of the classic scientific method. | Observe, question, predict, test predictions, draw a conclusion
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| Scientific Method #1 Observe | Closely observe the physical world about you. Recognize a question or a puzzle-- such as an unexplained observation
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| Scientific Method #2 Question | Make an educated guess--a hypothesis--that might resolve the puzzle.
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| Scientific Method #3 Predict | Predict consequences of the hypothesis
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| Scientific Method #4 Test Predictions | Do experiments or make calculations to test the predictions
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| Scientific Method #5 Draw a Conclusion | Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the three main ingredients: hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings.
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| Distinguish between a scientific and a scientific law | A fact is a close agreement by competent observers who make a series of observations about the same phenomenon. When a hypothesis has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted, it may become known as a law or principle
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| scientific hypothesis | an educated guess that is only presumed to be factual until supported by experiment.
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| How is a scientific theory different from a theory, as used in everyday speech? | In everyday speech, , a theory is no different from a hypothesis (supposition not been verified). A scientific theory is a synthesis of a large body of info that encompasses well-tested & verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world.
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| In daily life, people are often praised for maintaining some particular point of view, for the "courage of their convictions." A change of mind is seen as a sign of weakness. How is this different in science? | The refinement of theories is a strength, not weakness. Competent scientists change their minds only when confronted with solid experimental evidence or when a conceptually simpler hypothesis forces them to a new point of view.
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| What is the test for whether a hypothesis is scientific or not? | Look to see if there is a test for proving it wrong. If there is no test for its possible wrongness, then the hypothesis is not scientific.
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| In daily life, we see many cases of people who are caught misrepresenting things and who soon thereafter are excused and accepted by their contemporaries. How is this different in science? | A discredited scientist does not get a second chance in the community of scientist. The penalty for fraud is professional excommunication.
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| What test can you perform to increase the chance in your own mind that you are right about a particular idea? | B certain u understand objections & positions of your most articulate antagonists. Find out if your views r supported by sound knowledge of opposing ideas or by your misconceptions of opposing ideas. continued......
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| continued. What test can you perform to increase the chance in your own mind you are right about a particular idea? | You make this distinction by seeing whether or not you can state the objections and positions of your opposition to their satisfaction. Even if you successfully do this, you cannot be absolutely certain of being right.
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| Cite a reason for encouraging students of the arts to learn about science, and for encouraging science students to learn about the arts. | A knowledge of both the arts and the sciences makes for a wholeness that affects the way we view the world and the decisions we make about it and ourselves.
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| Why do many people believe they must choose between science and religion? | Domain of science is natural order. Domain of religion is nature's purpose. Religious beliefs and practices involve faith. Religion deals w parts of human experience that aren't subject to controlled experiences.
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| Psychological comfort is a benefit of having solid answers to religious questions. What benefit accompanies a position of not knowing the answers? | Uncertainty is acceptable
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| Clearly distinguish between science and technology | Science is concerned w gathering knowledge & organizing it. Technology lets us use that knowledge for practical purposes and provides tools neded by scientists in their further explorations.
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| Why is physics cnsidered to be the basic science? | The concepts of physics reach up to more complicated sciences.
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