Control of Gene Expression
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| Gene expression | show 🗑
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| show | process by which a cell undergoes a progressive, coordinated change to a more specialized cell type
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| differentiation is brought about by long-term changes in what? | show 🗑
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| different cell types of a multicellular organism contain the same what? | show 🗑
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| show | they differ not because they contain different genes, but because they express them differently
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| a cell can change the expression of its genes in response to _____________ ____________ | show 🗑
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| Give an example of a cell changing the expression of its genes in response to external signals | show 🗑
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| Gene expression can be ______________ at various steps from DNA to RNA to protein | show 🗑
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| show | the initiation of transcription
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| show | RNA polymerase
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| show | transcription initiation site
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| nearly all genes have ___________________ DNA sequences that are used to switch the gene on or off | show 🗑
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| show | DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA
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| transcription of individual genes is switched on and off in cells by transcription regulator _____________, which bind to short stretches of regulatory DNA sequences | show 🗑
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| show | protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence and is involved in controlling whether a gene is switched on or off
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| many transcription regulators bind to the DNA helix as dimers. What does this dimerization do? | show 🗑
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| transcriptional repressor | show 🗑
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| show | binds to regulatory DNA sequence to PERMIT TRANSCRIPTION (switch gene on)
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| activator proteins often have to do what to be able to bind DNA? | show 🗑
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| show | the activator and repressor control of the Lac operon in E. coli
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| What does the Lac operon encode? | show 🗑
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| show | the Lac repressor and the CAP
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| Control of the Lac operon: what happens when lactose is absent? | show 🗑
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| show | allolactose increases, which binds to Lac repressor, causing conformational changes that unbinds the protein from DNA
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| Control of the Lac operon: What happens when glucose is absent? | show 🗑
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| In bacteria, transcription regulators usually bind to regulatory DNA sequences close to where RNA polymerase binds. This binding can either activate or repress transcription of the gene. How do eukaryotes differ? | show 🗑
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| show | an activator protein bound to a distant enhancer attract RNA polymerase and general transcription factors to the promoter.
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| in eukaryotes, activation can occur at a distance when an activator protein bound to a distant enhancer attracts RNA polymerase and general transcription factors to the promoter. What does the looping of the intervening DNA permit? | show 🗑
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| Often times, additional proteins serve to link the distantly bound transcription regulators to these proteins at the promoter. What is the most important of these regulators? | show 🗑
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| show | they decrease transcription by preventing the assembly of the same protein complex
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| show | they can help initiate transcription by recruiting chromatin-modifying proteins
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| in eukaryotic cells, activator and repressor proteins exploit chromatin structure to do what? | show 🗑
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| show | chromatin-remodeling complexes
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| many gene activators recruit chromatin-modifying proteins to promoters. What can this modification do? | show 🗑
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| show | reduce the efficiency of transcription initiation
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| eukaryotic genes are controlled by combinations of ________________ ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | describes the way in which groups of transcription regulators work together to regulate the expression of a single gene
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| show | protein
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| In addition to day-to-day regulation of cell function, what can combinatorial control generate? | show 🗑
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| How can combinatorial control generate different cell types? for example, the development of muscle cells | show 🗑
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| Some transcription regulators can even convert one specialized cell type to another. how? | show 🗑
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| show | cell capable of giving rise to any of the specialized cell types in the body
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| show | somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to resemble and behave like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell through the artificial introduction of a set of genes encoding particular transcription regulators
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| show | they can be directed to generate a population of differentiated cells for use in the study or treatment of disease
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| the formation of an entire organ can be trigger by a single transcription factor. how? (generally) | show 🗑
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| show | the ability of differentiated cells and their descendants to maintain their identity
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| cells in multicellular organisms have mechanisms that enable their progeny to "remember" what type of cell they should be. A prominent mechanism for propagating cell memory relies on what? | show 🗑
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| positive feedback loop | show 🗑
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| DNA methylation is used to reinforce cell identity.. how? | show 🗑
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| show | the transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA
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| show | influence their own stability or translation
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| each mRNA controls its own __________________ and _______________ | show 🗑
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| show | nucleotide sequences
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| These nucleotide sequences often harbor binding sites for proteins that are involved in what? | show 🗑
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| each mRNA possesses a sequence that help control how often or how efficiently it will be translated into protein. These sequences control ______________ _______________ | show 🗑
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| how do bacterial mRNAs control translation initiation? | show 🗑
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| show | they possesses a 5' cap that guide the ribosome to the start codon. repressors can inhibit translation initiation by binding to 5' untranslated region on mRNA, preventing the ribosome from finding the start codon
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| show | regulatory RNAs
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| show | RNA molecule that plays a role in controlling gene expression (noncoding RNA)
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| show | microRNAs, small interfering RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs
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| show | by base-pairing with specific mRNAs and inhibiting their stability and translation
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| show | inhibiting the transcription of a whole set of mRNAs (as long as all the mRNAs carry a common sequence)
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| show | space
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| cells have a defense mechanism for destroying "foreign" double-stranded RNAs, many of which are produced by viruses. It makes use of what? | show 🗑
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| What are siRNAs produced from? | show 🗑
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| RNA interference (RNAi) | show 🗑
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| What is RNA interference widely exploited for? | show 🗑
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| show | cut into short fragments by a protein dicer to make siRNAs
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| show | to locate and destroy foreign RNAs with a complementary sequence
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| show | opened a new window to the roles of RNAs in gene regulation
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Created by:
cmccartney2