Unit Test Review
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| Consciousness Part One | Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds
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| Consciousness Part Two | During the first half of the last century behaviorism avoided the study of this, focusing on direct observation of our actions. By 1960, this study was revived by psychologists' renewed interest in mental processes
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| Circadian Rhythm Part One | Refers to a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle. The impact of this is best illustrated by fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of the day
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| Circadian Rhythm Part Two | This is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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| Circadian Rhythm Example | Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of this. With the approach of night our body temperatures begin to drop
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| The Human Sleep Cycle | Repeats itself every 90 minutes
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| Stage 1 | Light sleep. Muscle activity slows down. Occasional muscle twitching
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| Stage 2 | Breathing pattern and heart rate slows down. Slight decrease in body temperature
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| Stage 3 and Stage 4 | Deep sleep begins. Very deep sleep. Brain begins to generate slow delta waves. Rhythmic breathing. Limited muscle activity. Brain produces delta waves.
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| Stage 5 | Rapid eye movement. Brainwaves speed up and dreaming occurs. Muscles relax and heart rate increases. Breathing is rapid and shallow
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| Alpha waves | Are associated with a relaxed but awake state
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| Sleep Spindles | Are rhythmic bursts of brain activity during Stage 2
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| Delta Waves | Are slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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| Sleep-Talking | May occur during any stage of sleep
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| Hypnagogic Sensation | This occurs during Stage 1. The feeling of falling or floating
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| REM Sleep Increases | As sleep progresses, Stage 3 and 4 diminishes and this occurs
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| REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep) | Our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles are very relaxed and hardly move. During REM sleep, your heart begins to beat faster, your breathing increases and irregular, and your eyes dart back and forth while being closed
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| Association with REM Sleep | Genital Arousal and Vivid Dreams
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| REM Sleep Example | Even if you don't think you dream, research suggests that you would report a vivid dream if awoken during REM Sleep
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| Sleep Patterns | Are both genetically and culturally influenced
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| Sleep Patterns Example | Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 or more hours. People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer
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| Kahneman and Colleagues | Found that daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by a good night's sleep
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| Chronic Sleep Debt | Most likely to promote obesity
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| Sleep Deprivation | Makes people increasingly susceptible to viral infections and diminishes immunity to disease
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| Traffic Accident Rates | Have been found to increase after the spring change to daylight savings time and to decrease after the fall change back to standard time
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| Bats | Need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces free radicals that are toxic to neurons
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| Comparison with 20 year old | 60 year-old spend less time in deep sleep
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| Deep sleep | Appears to play an important role in physical growth. The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during slow-wave sleep
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| Slow Wave Sleep | Promotes effective memory. Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake
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| Insomnia | Difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime. Do not drink alcohol before bedtime
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| Narcolepsy | An extreme tendency to fall asleep whenever in relaxing surroundings. It is linked to a lack of neurotransmitter orexin. Would be incapacitating for drivers. Risk falling asleep while driving
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| Sleep Apnea | A disorder involving the cessation of breathing during sleeping. Obesity is a risk factor for developing. People with this do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back asleep
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| Night Terrors | A sleep disorder causing feelings of terror or dread that typically occurs during stage 4 of sleep. Symptoms include: screaming, racing pulse, gasping for breath and remembering nothing the next morning
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| Manifest Content | According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
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| Manifest Content Example | Remember dreaming that you failed an important chemistry test
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| Latent Content | According to Freud, the underlying personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream
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| Latent Content Example | A therapist explaining that a dream about killing a ferocious tiger, is really about unresolved feelings of hostility toward your father
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| Content of Dreams | Research studies show that this is more likely to be about failure rather then success
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| Suffer Trauma | After this, people commonly report an increase in threatening dreams
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| 5 Minutes Before Sleep | Anything that happens during this time period is typically lost from memory
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| Consolidate Our Meomries | Evidence suggests that we do this of recent life events through REM sleep
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| Brain Activity Associated With REM Sleep | Research suggests that this provides the sleeping brain with periodic physiological stimulation. The emotional tone of our dreams is likely to be influenced by activation of the limbic system during REM sleep
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| Brain Activity Associated With REM Sleep Example | Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience REM Sleep
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| Activation Synthesis Theory Part One | Dreams are mental response to random bursts of neural stimulation. This theory helps explain why people often experience sudden visual images, emotional reactions, and surprising change in scene during REM sleep
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| Activation Synthesis Theory Part Two | The brain activity associated with dreaming is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain
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| REM Sleep In Infants | Research indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in this is higher than adults
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| REM Sleep for Kids | Prior to age 9, children's dreams more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor as a result of their cognitive development
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| REM Rebound | The tendency for REM Sleep to increase following REM Sleep deprivation. Most mammals experience this which indicates that dreaming serves as a necessary biological function
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| REM Rebound Example | If participants of a sleep-research study are disturbed during REM sleep for three nights, when allowed to sleep undisturbed they will likely experience an increase in REM Sleep
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| Hypnosis Part One | A state of heightened openness to suggestion. People are responsive to hypnosis if they strongly expect that they can be hypnotized
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| Hypnosis Part Two | Hypnotic Responsiveness is measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Most people that score high on the scale have a rich fantasy life.
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| Age Regression | In hypnotherapy, a process in which the patient moves their focus to memories of an earlier stage of life in order to explore their memories or get in touch with difficult to access aspects of personality
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| Age Regression Example | Under hypnosis, encouraging a patient to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument he had with his father as a child.
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| Posthypnotic Suggestion | A suggestion made to a hypnotized person that specifies an action to be performed after awakening, often in response to a cue
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| Posthypnotic Suggestion Example | Just prior to awakening from a hypnotic state, a therapist suggesting that you will feel nauseous whenever you reach for a cigarette
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| Hypnotically Age-Regressed | These people act as they believe children would, but outperform real children
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| Fact or Fiction | Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are often a combination of this
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| Obesity | Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be used to treat this
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| Local Anesthesia | Research has indicated that hypnosis enables some people to undergo surgery with only this
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| Social Influence Theory | Hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes. Advocates of social influence theory argue that hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects through conscious role playing
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| Social Influence Theory Example | According to this theory, hypnotized participants exhibit no pain when asked to lower arm in an ice bath because they are caught up in playing the role of "good hypnotic subject" and ignore the pain.
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| Divided Consciousness Theory | Hypnosis involves dissociation
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| Dissociation | Refers to a state of divided consciousness; some thoughts occur simultaneously and yet separate from other thoughts
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| Divided Consciousness Theory Example | According to this theory, hypnotized participants exhibit no pain when asked to lower arm in an ice bath because hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering people expect from pain.
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| A Unified Approach | Today, hypnosis researchers use this. They suggest that hypnosis relieves pain by distracting attention
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| Hypnosis Brain Activity | People hypnotized for pain relief show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of pain
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| Hypnosis Brain Activity Example | When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person shows physiological activation of the sensory cortex
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| Psychoactive Drugs | Chemical substances, such as alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine that alter perceptions and moods.
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| Drug Tolerance | The reduced effect of a drug resulting for its regular usage. It results in the need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects
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| Neuroadaption | A change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a drug psychoactive drug. As drug users experience this they demonstrate signs of tolerance
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| Withdrawal | The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs. Symptoms include: Physical pains and intense cravings
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| Depressents | Drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions
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| Alcohol | Research indicates that alcohol disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories. This consumption reduces self awareness. Dangerous to mix with pills, because reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death
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| Barbiturates | Prescribed as tranquilizers. Drugs such as Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are used to treat insomnia. Sodium Pentothal been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences
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| Opium | When the brain is flooded with artificial opiates such as morphine and heroin, the brain stops producing endorphins. Effects include: Slowed breathing, constricted pupils, reduced and anxiety and feelings of blissful pleasure
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| Stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and arouse body functions
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| Cocaine | When this is injected or snorted it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes by blocking the reuptake of dopamine. This is followed by a crash of agitated depression.
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| Effects of Cocaine | Diminished appetite, increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria
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| Methamphetamine | This can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. The British government classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of this one of the most dangerous drugs
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| Caffeine | This is the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs. It most likely impairs peoples' ability to sleep
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| Nicotine | By triggering the release of epinehrine and nonrepinehrine nicotine boosts alertness and diminishes attitude. A rewarding consequence of smoking is that it reduces sensitivity to pain. A common symptom of nicotine is anxiety
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| Ecstasy | Is an amphetamine derivate that acts as mild hallucinogen
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| Ecstasy Causes | The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing damage
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| Ecstasy Effects | One of the immediate effects is dehydration
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| LSD Part One | Is a psychedelic drug that produces hallucinations, fantastic images, and causes people feel to feel separated from their bodies
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| LSD Part Two | This and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as an antagonist
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| THC | The active ingredient in marijuana is classified as a hallucinogen.
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| Marijuana | Marijuana causes relaxation and mild hallucinogens followed by memory loss. It can amplify sensitivity to sound
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| Studies of Marijuana | Studies of its effects indicate that regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users
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| Alcohol Dependence | Is genetically influenced
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| Alcohol Dependence Example | Adopted individuals are more susceptible to this if one or both biological parents have a history of it. Research has shown that having an identical rather than a fraternal twin with alcohol dependence puts one at an increased risk for alcohol problems
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| Research on Drug Abuse | Suggests that an important factor on this by youth and young adults is feeling that one's life is meaningless
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| The Best Predictor | Of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent has close friends who use drugs
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| Near-Death Experiences Part One | An altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination. These are often accompanied by visions of bright lights.
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| Near-Death Experiences Part Two | Oxygen Deprivation, just prior to death, turns off the brain's inhibitory cells and neural activity increases in the visual cortex
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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