Key words for C2
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| Compound | A substance made when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.
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| Covalent Bond | The attraction between two atoms that share one, or more pairs of electrons.
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| Covalent Bonding | The attraction between two atoms that share one, or more pairs of electrons.
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| Delocalised Electron | bonding electron that is no longer associated with any one particular atom.
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| Dot and Cross Diagram | a drawing to show the arrangement of the outermost electrons only of the atoms or ions in substance.
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| Double Bond | a covalent bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons.
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| Giant Covalent Structure | a huge 3D network of covalently bonded atoms. (e.g. the giant lattice of carbon atoms in diamond or graphite.
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| Giant Lattice | a huge 3D network of atoms or ions (e.g. the giant ionic lattice in sodium chloride).
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| Ion | a charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons.
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| Ionic Bond | the electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
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| Ionic Bonding | the electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.
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| Mixture | when some elements or compounds are mixed together and intermingle but do not react together ( i.e. no new substances are made). A mixture is NOT a pure substance.
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| Macromolecule | Giant covalent structure.
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| Monomers | Small reactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a very large molecule (a polymer).
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| Nanoscience | The study of very tiny particles or structures between 1 and 100 nanometres in size- where 1 nanometre = 1x10-9metres
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| Polymer | A substance made from very large molecules made of many repeating units e.g. poly(ethene).
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| Polymerisation | The reaction of monomers to make a polymer.
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| Atomic Number | The number of protons (which equals the number of electrons) in an atom. It is sometimes called the proton number.
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| Empirical Formula | The simplest ratio of elements in a compound.
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| Isotope | Atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. i.e. the same atomic number but a different mass number.
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| Mass Number | The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Mole | The amount of substance in the relative atomic or formula mass of a substance in grams.
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| Molecular Formula | The chemical formula that shows the actual numbers of atoms in a particular molecule (e.g. C2H4).
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| Percentage Yield | The actual mass of product collected in a reaction divided by the maximum mass that could have been formed in theory, multiplied by 100. (i.e. (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100)
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| Relative Atomic Mass,Ar | The average mass of the atoms of an element compared to carbon-12 (which is given the mass of exactly 12). The average mass must take into account the proportions of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element.
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| Relative Formula Mass, Mr | The total of the relative atomic masses, added up in the ratio shown in the chemical formula, of a substance.
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| Reversible Reaction | A reaction in which the products can re-form the reactants.
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| Symbol Equation | A balanced chemical equation showing the formula for each reactant and product in the reaction e.g. H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl
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| Word Equation | A way of describing what happened in a chemical reaction by showing the names of all the reactants and products they form.
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| Chromatography | The process by which small amounts of dissolved substances are separated by running a solvent along a material such as absorbent paper.
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| Gas Chromatography | The process of separating the components in a mixture by passing the vapours through a column and detecting them as they leave the column at different times.
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| Equilibrium | The point in a reversible reaction in which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same. Therefore, the amount of substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant.
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| Mass Spectrometer | A machine that can be used to analyse small amounts of a substance to identify it and to find its relative molecular mass.
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| Molecular Ion Peak | The peak on the mass spectrum of a substance which tells us the relative molecular mass of the substance. The peak is produced by the heaviest positive ion shown on the mass spectrum.
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| Catalyst | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged itself at the end of the reaction.
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| Collision Theory | An explanation of chemical reactions in terms of reacting particles colliding with sufficient energy for a reaction to take place.
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| Endothermic | A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.
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| Exothermic | A reaction that gives out energy to the surroundings.
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| Activation Energy | The minimum energy needed to start off a reaction.
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| Acid | A sour substance which can attack metal, clothing or skin. The chemical opposite of an alkali. When dissolved in water, its solution has a pH number of less than 7. Acids are proton (H+ ion) donors.
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| Alkali | Its solution has a pH of more than 7.
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| Aluminium | A low density, corrosion resistant, metal used in many alloys including those used in the aircraft industry.
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| Aqueous Solution | The mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water.
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| Base | The oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of a metal that will react with an acid, forming a salt as one of the products. (If the base dissolves in water it is called and alkali). Bases are proton (H+ ion) acceptors.
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| Brine | A solution of sodium chloride in water.
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| Electrolysis | The breakdown of a substance containing ions by electricity.
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| Electrolyte | A liquid, containing free-moving ions, that is broken down by electricity in the process of electrolysis.
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| Half Equation | An equation that describes reduction (gain of electrons) or oxidation (loss of electrons), such as the reactions that take place at the electrodes during electrolysis.
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| Neutral | A solution with a pH value of 7 which is neither acidic nor alkaline. Alternatively, something that carries no overall electronic charge- neither positively or negatively charged.
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| Neutralisation | The chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which they cancel each other out, forming a salt and water. If the base is a carbonate or hydrogencarbonate, carbon dioxide is also produced in the reaction.
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| Oxidation | The reaction when oxygen is added to a substance (or when electrons are lost).
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| Oxidised | A reaction when oxygen is added to a substance (or when electrons are lost).
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| pH Scale | A number which shows how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is. Acids have a pH value of less than 7 (pH 1 is strongly acidic). Alkalis have a pH value above 7 (pH 14 is strongly alkaline). A neutral liquid has a pH value of 7.
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| Reduction | A reaction in which oxygen is removed (or electrons are gained).
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| Salt | A compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal ( or by an ammonium ion). For example, potassium nitrate KNO3 (from nitric acid)
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| Universal Indicator | A mixture of indicators which can change through a range of colours depending on the pH of the solution. Its colour is matched to a pH number using a pH scale. It shows how strongly acidic or alkaline liquids and solutions are.
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