Chp 5, Sec 3. The Incas
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| What continent did the Inca empire arise from while the Aztecs were ruling Mexico | South America
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| How and where did the Inca tribe begin | A small tribe in the Andes Mountains
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| What was their capital and what country would it have been located in today | Cuzco---Peru
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| Who was the ruler that began expanding the Inca territory in the mid 1400s | Pachacuti
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| What was the size of the Inca empire in early 1500's | Huge
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| What modern-day countries did the Inca empire stretch from | Ecuador to Chile
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| What type of landforms did the area include | Coastal deserts, snowy mountains, fertile valleys, and thick forests
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| How many people live in the empire | 12 million
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| In order to rule effectively, the Incas had to form what | Strong government
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| How did Pachacuti keep the people from having too much power | He removed the local leaders and replace them with new officials that he trusted
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| What did he do with the children of conquered leaders and why | Travel to Cuzco to learn about Inca government and religion--when they were adults, they were sent back to govern their villages and teach their people about the Incan way of life
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| What was a way the Incas helped unify the empire | They used an official language---Quechua
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| What did the Incas government strictly control | The economy. They told each household what work you do
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| who did the Incas work for besides themselves | The government
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| What did the Inca villagers do for the army | They make cloth and other goods for the army. Some served as soldiers
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| What three things did Incas do besides farming and making cloth | Soldiers, worked in mind, or build roads and bridges
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| What was the Inca labor tax system called and what did they pay rather than money | They pay taxes in labor called MITA
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| What did the Inca economy not have that the Maya and Aztecs did have as a part of their economy | No merchants or markets
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| What did the Inca government do with the goods collected through the MITA | They distributed the goods to the people. Leftovers were stored in the capital for emergencies
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| How did the Inca government help the people if a natural disaster struck or they simply could not take care of themselves | They provided the goods to help them
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| What did the Inca people have little of due to the strong will control of rulers | Personal freedom
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| What did the Eakin government protect in all of the empire | General welfare
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| How many social classes made up the Inca society | 2
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| Who made up the Inca upper-class | Emperor, government officials, and priests
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| Where did the upper-class live? What did they wear | They lived in stone houses and wore the best clothes
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| What did the Inca upper-class not have to pay | Taxes
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| Where was the royal retreat located for the Inca upper-class? Where is it located | Machu Picchu. Nestled high in the Andes.
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| Who made up the ink a lower-class system | Farmers, artisans, and servants
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| What group did the social structure of the Incas not include | Slaves
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| Inca farmers grow what 3 crops | corn, peanuts, and potato
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| What animal did the Incas raise in the Andes mountains | Llamas
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| Who did the Incas believe the rulers were related to | The sun God. They thought they never really died
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| What did priests bring to many ceremonies? What did they give | They brought mummies of former kings and gave food and gifts
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| What did the Incas sacrifice to their gods | Llamas, cloth, or food
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| Where did the people outside of Cuzco worship | Local sacred places like mountaintops, rocks, and springs
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| What did they believe have magical powers | Mountain tops, rocks, and springs
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| What were the Incas known for as master builders | Expert masonry
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| What did the Incas build a major network of | Roads
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| What type of art did the Incas produce | Pottery, gold and silver jewelry
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| What was a size cornfield made of | Gold and silver
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| What were the Incas known for making the finest of in the Americas | Textiles
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| Did the Incas have a writing system | No
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| What did the Incas use to keep records | Knotted cords---quipus
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| What did the nots represent? What did the colors represent | The knots were numbers and the colors represented information about crops, land, and other important topics
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| How did the Incas pass down their history | Oral history and songs and poems
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| Why did I Civil War begin the 1520's in the Inca empire | The death of a ruler
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| Name the two sons who were at war for the empire | Atahualpa---Huascar
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| Who won the war in 1532 | Atahualpa
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| What did the war do to the empire | Weakened the army
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| Who led the conquistadors into the Inca empire | Francisco Pizarro
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| How many soldiers did he have with him | Very few
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| What happened to Atahualpa | He was captured
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| How did Atahualpa try to win his freedom? Did it work? | He gave them a room filled with gold and silver. They killed him anyway
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| How much gold and silver was collected trying to free him | 24 tons
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| In what year did Pizarro defeat the last of the Incas | 1537
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| How long did Spain rule in the area after taking over the Inca empire | 300 years
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