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Monopoly

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Term
Definition
Barriers to entry   Obstacles that stop new firms entering a market  
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X-inefficient   Sometime called organisational slack Not reducing costs to the lowest level – the gap between the actual and lowest possible cost  
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Patent laws   A grant of temporary monopoly rights over a new product  
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Copyright   Ownership of rights e.g. to a book, giving redress at law for copying by a third party  
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Nationalised   Taking a firm/industry into public ownership – owned by the state  
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Incumbant   Existing firm(s) in the industry  
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Limit pricing   Setting a price so low that other firms will not enter the industry  
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Sunk costs   Irretrievable costs that occur when a firm exits an industry  
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Legal monopoly   A firm with 25% or more of the market share  
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Product differentiation   A way of distinguishing a product from that of competitors  
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Marginal cost pricing   Setting the price at the level of marginal cost  
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Average cost pricing   Setting the price at the level of average cost  
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Dead-weight / welfare loss   Reduction in consumer and producer surplus when output is restricted to less than the optimum level  
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Price discrimination   Where an identical good/service is sold to different customers at different prices for reasons not associated with costs  
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1st degree   When the discriminating can charge a separate price to each individual consumer  
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2nd degree   When the discriminating can charge a separate price to different groups of consumers  
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3rd degree   When the discriminating can charge a different price in each country  
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