Theories of Counseling and the Helping Relationship
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| Sigmund Freud | father of psychoanalysis
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| Alfred Adler | father of individual psychology
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| Carl Jung | founded analytic psychology
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| Eric Berne's transitional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: | the child, the Adult, and the Parent
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| Freud's three ego states | id, ego, and superego
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| transference | implies that the client displaces emotion felt toward a parent onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist.
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| Freudians refer to the ego as | the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
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| Eros (Freud) | greek god of the love of life
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| Thanatos (Freud) | Greek word for Death
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| Id (Freud) | present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the pleasure principle. It is chaotic and has no sense of time.
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| Ego (Freud) | reality principle
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| Superego (Freud) | ego ideal. Composed of values, morals and ideals of parents, caregivers, and society
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| free association | instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind
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| systematic desensitization | developed by Joseph Wolpe. It is useful when trying to weaken a client's response to an anxiety -producing stimuli. It is a form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning.
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| According to Freud, the dream is composed of a surface meaning, which is called ___________ | manifest content
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| According to Freud, the dream is composed of a hidden meaning, which is called __________ | latent content.
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| dream work | consists of deciphering the hidden meaning of the dream so the individual can be aware of unconscious motives, impulses, desires and conflicts
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| When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he/she originally had toward a significant other, it is called _____________ | transference.
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| In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psycho dynamic counseling or therapy_____________ | utilizes fewer sessions per week, does not utilize the couch, and is performed face to face.
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| Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as _____ | catharsis and/or abreaction
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| Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS) | is a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization. SUDS is created via the process of introspection by rating the anxiety associated with the situation.
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| Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these: | dreams, slips of the tongue and humor, and hypnosis.
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| conscious mind | is aware of the immediate environment
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| preconscious mind | is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. It can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.
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| unconscious mind | is composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.
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| ego defense mechanisms | are unconscious strategies, which distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self-image.
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| reaction formation | occurs when a person cannot accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner.
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| sublimation | is present when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way.
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| rationalization | is simply an intellectual excuse to minimize hurt feelings.
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| displacement | occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a safe target.
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| introjection | takes place when a child accepts a parent's, caretakers', or significant other's values as his or her own.
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| identification | when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.
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| projection | attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others.
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| reaction formation | the person acts the opposite of the way he/she actually feels.
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| compensation | when an individual attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation. The person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors.
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| The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to: | make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
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| Alfred Adler's individual psychology | is keen on analyzing organ inferiority and methods in which the individual attempts to compensate for it.
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| Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle. | Logos; Eros
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| transference | the assumption is that the client will relate to the therapist or counselor as he or she has to significant others.
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| counter-transference | is said to be evident when the counselor's strong feelings or attachment to the client are strong enough to hinder the treatment process.
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| mandalas (Jung) | drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself. his clients and dreams
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| ___________ emphasized the drive for superiority. | Adler
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| constructivist therapist | it is imperative that we as helpers understand the client's view to explain his/her problems.
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| In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized _____________ | social factors.
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| introverted individual (Jung) | is his or her own primary source of pleasure.
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| extroverted individual (Jung) | the tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people.
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| The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of __________________ | Jung.
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| One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs, ________________ | was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
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| social connectedness (Adler) | people wish to belong.
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| paradoxical strategies | often seem to defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.
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| The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation is known as ______________ | archetypes.
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| persona: | an archetype that is the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
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| Examples of archetypes | anumus, anima, self
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| shadow | an archetype that is the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
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| An eclectic counselor (Thorne) | attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.
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| Adler | believed that lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves. He stressed the importance of birth order in the family constellation.
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| BASIC ID (Arnold Lazarus)/Multimodal | B-behavior
A-affective responses
S-sensations
I-images/the way we perceive ourselves
C- cognitions
I- Interpersonal relationships
D-drugs
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| classical conditioning relates to the work of: | Ivan Pavlov
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| An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented is called | unconditioned
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| Skinner's operant conditioning is is also referred to as | instrumental learning
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| Respondent behavior refers to | reflexes
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| All re-inforcers | tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
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| Positive punishment | occurs when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decrease
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| Negative punishment | takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases
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| punishment | decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
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| stimulus generalization | aka second order conditioning occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (the bell) produces the same reaction.
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| extinction | connotes that reinforcement is withheld and eventually the behavior will be extinguished or eliminated.
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| Little Albert | It demonstrated that fears were "learned" and not he result of some unconscious conflict. John B. Watson was associated with it.
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| chaining | a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur.
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| behavior modification | Skinnerian principles
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| behavior therapy | emphasizes Pavlovian principles
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| The 1st studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by | Neal Miller
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| Mary Cover Jones | demonstrated that "learning" could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.
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| concreteness | aka specificity, helps with vague language
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| directive | suggestion
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| biofeedback | does not change the client, it merely provides the client and helper with biological information. (Ex scale and mirror)
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| congruence | real, authentic or genuineness
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| empathy | the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client
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| EEG Feedback | used to secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms.
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| continuous reinforcement | you "continue" to provide the reinforcement each time the target behavior occurs
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| backup re-inforcer | an item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens.
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| aversive conditioning | a type of behavior conditioning in which noxious stimuli are associated with undesirable or unwanted behavior that is to be modified or abolished, as the use of nausea-inducing drugs in the treatment of alcoholism.
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| systematic desensitization | it is ranked from least anxiety-arousing to the most anxiety-evoking items.
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| fixed role therapy | created by psychologist George A Kelly. A client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role. He/she is instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script
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| systematic desensitization steps | relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization
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| Sensate focus | behavioral sex therapy developed by William H Masters and Virginia Johnson. It relies on counterconditioning.
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| implosive therapy | always conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism
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| flooding | occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feard stimulus
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| Victor Frankl | Father of logotherapy.
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| logotherapy | means healing through meaning
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| existentialism | considered a humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in his or her life by doing a deed (ex an accomplishment), experiencing a value (ex love), or suffering.
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| Existential therapy | has been criticized for being too vague regarding techniques and procedures. It is more of a philosophy of helping then a grab bag of specific intervention strategies.
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| classical conditioning (Behavioral) | previously neutral stimulus is paired with frightening event (the unconditioned stimulus) and becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response
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| operant conditioning (Behavioral) | emphasizes positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
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| three main components of Individual psychology (Adler) | patient acts "as if", push button technique, and catching oneself
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| Adler/Individual psychology | lifestyle, birth order and family constellation are emphasized
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| 3 ego states as determined by Berne (TA) | child, adult and parent
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| known for being an eclectic counselor | Fredrick Thorne
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| cognitive therapy | theory that people respond to life events based on a combo of thought processes and physical and social environment and how you respond to them
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| WEDP and Wubolding (Glasser, Reality therapy) | 1. wants, 2. direction and doing 3. evaluation 4. planning
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| Reality therapy/Glasser | helps individuals examine needs and wants in life and determine how to fulfill them
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| psychoanalysis | method of psychological therapy by Freud in which free association, dream interpretation and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflict, in order to free psychic energy f
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| In a behavioral group context these are key terms | self monitoring and contracts
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| individuals come to counseling for a variety of reasons. An immediate goal for many clients might be | self-disclosure
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| The body which accredits more counselor training programs than any other is | Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related
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