Physics (GCSE) Revision (Waves)
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| When sounds bounce back (reflect) from hard surfaces this is called an . . . | show | Sound and light are both waves.
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| When a ray of light is reflected from a shiny surface (e.g. a plane mirror) the angle of incidence is equal to . . . | show | Angles are measured from the NORMAL.
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| A line drawn at 90 degrees to a surface is called a . . . | NORMAL | show 🗑
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| When rays of light change direction as they cross the boundary between two different substances this is called . . . | REFRACTION | show 🗑
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| Refraction occurs when light travels between two different materials because . . . | the speed of light is different in each material. | show 🗑
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| Sound waves are . . . | LONGITUDINAL waves | show 🗑
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| show | TRANSVERSE waves | Like a side-to-side motion on a slinky spring.
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| Light waves travel at . . . | the speed of LIGHT | show 🗑
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| Sound waves travel much slower than light. Their speed in air is approximately . . . | show | Sound travels faster in warm air than in cold.
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| Sound waves can be reflected and . . . | REFRACTED | show 🗑
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| show | NO change of direction. | Only speed and wavelength change.
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| What changes when a light ray crosses a boundary between air and glass, travelling into the glass? | show | These are all part of REFRACTION.
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| If a ray of light travels from glass into air, its speed will . . . | increase. | show 🗑
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| show | transverse waves. | The surface is displaced at a right angle to the direction of travel of the waves.
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| Water waves can be . . . | refracted and reflected. | show 🗑
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| When water waves travel from deep water to shallow water they are refracted because . . . | show | There is more drag from the seabed.
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| When a ray of light travels from glass,Perspex or water into air . . . | some light is refracted and some is reflected from the boundary. | show 🗑
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| For light travelling from glass to air, if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain angle what happens? | show | TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION. Get the spelling right!
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| What is the name of the largest angle of incidence at which light can just be refracted at a boundary between glass and air? | Critical angle | show 🗑
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| show | total internal reflection. | No refraction involved.
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| Optic fibres can be used to send telephone messages in the form of . . . | show | Infra red lasers are used for this.
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| show | longitudinal waves. | Push a slinky spring away from you and back again.
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| show | spreads out from the edges. | This is called diffraction.
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| Diffraction of radio waves can improve radio reception in hilly areas because . . . | show | This doesn't work with TV or microwaves because they have a shorter wavelength.
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| Diffraction occurs more strongly when . . . | the wavelength is similar to the size of the obstacle. | show 🗑
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| When white light passes through a 60 degree prism . . . | show | Isaac Newton explained this by saying that white is a mixture of all the other colours.
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| show | wavelengths. | Red has the longest, violet the shortest.
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| When a spectrum is produced by a prism the effect is called . . . | dispersion. | show 🗑
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| Which colour is refracted most by a prism? | Violet | show 🗑
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| There are many more kinds of radiation than we can see with our eyes. The full range is called the . . . | electromagnetic spectrum | show 🗑
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| The type of electromagnetic radiation which has the longest wavelength is . . . | radio waves. | show 🗑
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| show | gamma rays. | Wavelength is less than the size of an atom.
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| When radiation is absorbed, the energy it carries makes . . . | the substance which absorbs it hotter. | show 🗑
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| Electromagnetic radiation may also . . . | show | That's how a radio or TV works.
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| Radio waves are used to . . . | transmit radio and TV programmes between different points on Earth's surface. | show 🗑
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| Longer wavelength radio signals can be reflected from an electrically charged layer in Earth's upper atmosphere called . . . | the ionosphere. | show 🗑
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| Microwave radiation of short wavelength which can pass through Earth's atmosphere is used to . . . | show | To receive information from a satellite you will need a satellite DISH.
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| A microwave oven can be used for cooking because . . . | water molecules in food strongly absorb microwaves of the correct wavelength. | show 🗑
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| show | infra red radiation. | This is emitted from warm bodies such as animals and plants.
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| A TV remote control uses . . . | infra red radiation. | show 🗑
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| show | endoscope. | It can be used at both 'ends' - but only by a qualified medical person please !
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| Sunbeds make use of . . . | ultraviolet radiation | show 🗑
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| show | fluorescent lamps and security coding. | Check out your white shirt at the discotheque ( yeah, I know that dates me!)
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| X-rays are used to produce shadow pictures of bones because . . . | show | It can be used at airports for screening your luggage - so leave those scissors at home.
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| Gamma radiation is used to . . . | kill harmful bacteria in food, sterilise surgical instruments and kill cancer cells. | show 🗑
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| Microwaves are absorbed by the water in cells which may be . . . | show | So keep your hands out of the microwave and keep your mobile phone at a safe distance too.
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| show | heat. | Nice.
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| show | the more UV it absorbs and the less reaches deeper tissues. | See, there's a reason for everything.
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| X-rays and gamma rays mostly pass through soft tissues but some . . . | show | No exposure is good exposure.
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| High doses of UV, X and gamma radiation can kill normal cells. Lower doses can . . . | show | Very high doses are needed to kill cancer cells, but healthy cells are also killed. It is a high risk strategy.
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| Information such as speech or music can be converted into . . . | electrical signals that can be sent long distances through cables or using electromagnetic waves as carriers. | show 🗑
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| show | along optic fibres. | Modern methods: cheaper, less loss of energy so more efficient.
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| Signals which vary continuously in amplitude and/or frequency are called . . . | analogue signals | show 🗑
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| Signals can be coded as a series of pulses which have two states, on or off. These are called . . . | show | Now we're talking !
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| One advantage of difgital signals over older analogue signals is . . . | show | Analogue signals are prone to distortion. On is on and off is still off.
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| A major advantage of digital signals is . . . | show | More information can be transmitted in a given time than with analogue signals.
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| As signals travel they become weaker. Random additions to the signal are called . . . | NOISE | show 🗑
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| With analogue signals, different frequencies may weaken to different extents. When amplified . . . | the signal becomes less like the original. Its quality deteriorates. | show 🗑
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| show | noise is of low amplitude and below the level recognised as 'on'. It is treated as 'off'. | The voltage needed for an 'on' state is much higher than the noise level.
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| show | the louder the sound. | Turn it up !
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| The number of complete vibrations each second is called the . . . | frequency ( measured in hertz, Hz) | show 🗑
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| Electronic systems can produce waves which have a frequency higher than humans can hear called . . . | show | Above 20kHz, I give up.
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| Ultrasonic waves are used in medicine for . . . | pre-natal scanning | show 🗑
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| In industry, ultrasound is used for . . . | show | Can detect cracks in welds, moulded castings etc.
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| show | the time taken for an echo to return to the detector. | The distance to the reflecting boundary can be calculated if the speed of sound in the material is known.
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| Our knowledge of the structure of the Earth comes from studying how the shock waves from earthquakes travel through it. These are called . . . | seismic waves. | show 🗑
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| Earthquakes produce waves which can be detected using . . . | show | They produce a pen and ink trace on a rotating drum of paper.
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| The outermost layer of the Earth is very thin and is called the . . . | crust. | show 🗑
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| show | liquid nickel and iron. | The inner core is a solid ball of metal.
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| The layer of rock surrounding the core extends almost to the surface and is called the . . . | mantle | show 🗑
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| The overall density of the Earth is much greater than the mean densities of the rocks that form the crust. This suggests that . . . | show | Density increases with depth due to the increasing pressure of the overlying rocks.
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| What are the two types of seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth? | P and S waves. | show 🗑
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| show | Primary (P) waves | They are recorded first by seismographs at the start of an earthquake.
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| What is the difference between the two types of seismic waves? | show | P waves are compression waves. S waves are shear waves.
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| show | S waves | They need a rigid (solid) medium.
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| Seismic waves travel in curved paths through the interior of the Earth because . . . | show | They travel faster as they go deeper.
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| The speed of seismic waves increases with depth because . . . | the density of rock increases with depth. | show 🗑
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| The speed and direction of P waves change abruptly as they reach the outer core because . . . | its density suddenly decreases. | show 🗑
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| We know that the outer core is a liquid because . . . | show | Only P waves can pass right through the Earth's core.
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| Some seismometers cannot detect the S waves from an earthquake. Why is this ? | show | If the seismometer is in a 'shadow zone', only P waves can reach it.
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| The fact that the edges of land masses which are separated by thousands of kilometres of ocean have shapes which fit quite closely suggests that . . . | show | e.g. south east America and west Africa
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| Wegener's theory of continental drift is supported by . . . | show | Or perhaps a land bridge which broke apart could explain this
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| The upper part of Earth's mantle and crust is called the . . . | show | It is moving on top of denser material below
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| The pieces of Earth's lithosphere which are moving are called . . . | show | Like rafts of polystyrene floating on denser water
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| The Earth's tectonic plates are moving slowly at a speed of about . . . | a few centimetres a year | show 🗑
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| The process which drives plate tectonics is . . . | show | The energy is provided by radioactive decay which releases heat
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| show | more earthquakes and volcanic eruptions | You can see a map of this in your text book
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| Where two plates meet they may slide past each other. This is known as a . . . | transform fault | show 🗑
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| When two tectonic plates approach each other, one of them may be driven down. This is called . . . | show | Old crust is melted to form volcanoes
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| show | two tectonic plates move apart | New magama rises to fill the gap
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| Evidence for sea-floor spreading is provided by . . . | show | This confirms the theory of plate tectonic and also shows the Earth's magnetic field can flip over.
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Created by:
J Thomson
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