Physics (GCSE) Revision (Waves)
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| When sounds bounce back (reflect) from hard surfaces this is called an . . . | ECHO | show 🗑
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| When a ray of light is reflected from a shiny surface (e.g. a plane mirror) the angle of incidence is equal to . . . | show | Angles are measured from the NORMAL.
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| A line drawn at 90 degrees to a surface is called a . . . | NORMAL | show 🗑
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| When rays of light change direction as they cross the boundary between two different substances this is called . . . | show | All waves do this.
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| Refraction occurs when light travels between two different materials because . . . | show | Light slows down in glass and water compared to air.
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| show | LONGITUDINAL waves | Compressions and rarefactions travelling through a material ( a push-pull motion on a slinky spring)
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| Light waves are . . . | show | Like a side-to-side motion on a slinky spring.
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| Light waves travel at . . . | show | c = 300 000 km/s
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| show | 330 m/s | Sound travels faster in warm air than in cold.
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| Sound waves can be reflected and . . . | show | When they cross the boundary between two different substances.
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| If waves cross a boundary between two different substances at a right angle, there is . . . | show | Only speed and wavelength change.
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| What changes when a light ray crosses a boundary between air and glass, travelling into the glass? | Speed decreases. Wavelength decreases. It bends towards the normal. | show 🗑
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| show | increase. | Light travels faster in air than glass.
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| show | transverse waves. | The surface is displaced at a right angle to the direction of travel of the waves.
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| Water waves can be . . . | show | Same as any other waves you care to mention.
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| When water waves travel from deep water to shallow water they are refracted because . . . | they travel more slowly in shallow water. | show 🗑
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| show | some light is refracted and some is reflected from the boundary. | Usually about 50% of the light is reflected.
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| For light travelling from glass to air, if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain angle what happens? | show | TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION. Get the spelling right!
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| What is the name of the largest angle of incidence at which light can just be refracted at a boundary between glass and air? | show | About 42 degrees for glass / air.
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| show | total internal reflection. | No refraction involved.
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| Optic fibres can be used to send telephone messages in the form of . . . | pulses of light. | show 🗑
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| Sound waves travel through solids, liquids and gases as . . . | show | Push a slinky spring away from you and back again.
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| When a wave moves through a gap, or past an obstacle, it . . . | spreads out from the edges. | show 🗑
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| show | the waves bend over the summit and down into the valleys. | This doesn't work with TV or microwaves because they have a shorter wavelength.
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| Diffraction occurs more strongly when . . . | show | A hill of height 1000m will diffract radio waves of the same wavelength.
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| When white light passes through a 60 degree prism . . . | show | Isaac Newton explained this by saying that white is a mixture of all the other colours.
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| show | wavelengths. | Red has the longest, violet the shortest.
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| When a spectrum is produced by a prism the effect is called . . . | show | Different colours travel at different speeds in glass - red slows down least.
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| Which colour is refracted most by a prism? | show | Violet Veers Violently
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| There are many more kinds of radiation than we can see with our eyes. The full range is called the . . . | electromagnetic spectrum | show 🗑
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| The type of electromagnetic radiation which has the longest wavelength is . . . | show | Typically over 1 kilometre in length.
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| The type of electromagnetic radiation which has the shortest wavelenth is . . . | gamma rays. | show 🗑
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| show | the substance which absorbs it hotter. | Lying in the Sun makes me hot!
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| Electromagnetic radiation may also . . . | show | That's how a radio or TV works.
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| show | transmit radio and TV programmes between different points on Earth's surface. | Range is limited by line of sight.
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| show | the ionosphere. | This enables signals to be sent between distant points despite the curvature of Earth's surface
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| Microwave radiation of short wavelength which can pass through Earth's atmosphere is used to . . . | send information to and from satellites and within mobile phone networks. | show 🗑
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| A microwave oven can be used for cooking because . . . | show | No metal objects and certainly not your hands!
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| Toasters, grills and radiant heaters make use of . . . | infra red radiation. | show 🗑
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| A TV remote control uses . . . | show | You might not see it yourself but try using a video camera !
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| show | endoscope. | It can be used at both 'ends' - but only by a qualified medical person please !
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| Sunbeds make use of . . . | show | Careless exposure can result in skin cancer (melanoma) so use Factor 25 at least !
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| show | fluorescent lamps and security coding. | Check out your white shirt at the discotheque ( yeah, I know that dates me!)
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| X-rays are used to produce shadow pictures of bones because . . . | show | It can be used at airports for screening your luggage - so leave those scissors at home.
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| show | kill harmful bacteria in food, sterilise surgical instruments and kill cancer cells. | Those party forks you use at barbecues have been inside a nuclear reactor you know.
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| Microwaves are absorbed by the water in cells which may be . . . | show | So keep your hands out of the microwave and keep your mobile phone at a safe distance too.
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| Infra red is absorbed by the skin and felt as . . . | heat. | show 🗑
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| Ultraviolet can pass through the skin to deeper tissues. The darker the skin . . . | the more UV it absorbs and the less reaches deeper tissues. | show 🗑
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| X-rays and gamma rays mostly pass through soft tissues but some . . . | show | No exposure is good exposure.
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| High doses of UV, X and gamma radiation can kill normal cells. Lower doses can . . . | show | Very high doses are needed to kill cancer cells, but healthy cells are also killed. It is a high risk strategy.
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| Information such as speech or music can be converted into . . . | electrical signals that can be sent long distances through cables or using electromagnetic waves as carriers. | show 🗑
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| show | along optic fibres. | Modern methods: cheaper, less loss of energy so more efficient.
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| Signals which vary continuously in amplitude and/or frequency are called . . . | show | Old fashioned vinyl records and terrestrial TV ( not digital)
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| show | digital signals | Now we're talking !
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| One advantage of difgital signals over older analogue signals is . . . | show | Analogue signals are prone to distortion. On is on and off is still off.
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| A major advantage of digital signals is . . . | show | More information can be transmitted in a given time than with analogue signals.
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| As signals travel they become weaker. Random additions to the signal are called . . . | NOISE | show 🗑
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| show | the signal becomes less like the original. Its quality deteriorates. | Noise is also amplified along with any differences.
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| Even though digital pulses weaken with distance, the quality is maintained because . . . | show | The voltage needed for an 'on' state is much higher than the noise level.
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| Sounds are produced when object vibrate. The greater the amplitude of vibrations . . . | the louder the sound. | show 🗑
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| The number of complete vibrations each second is called the . . . | show | The higher the frequency of a sound the higher its PITCH
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| show | ultrasound or ultrasonic waves | Above 20kHz, I give up.
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| Ultrasonic waves are used in medicine for . . . | show | Doesn't harm the foetus like X-rays would.
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| In industry, ultrasound is used for . . . | cleaning delicate mechanisms and for quality control | show 🗑
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| show | the time taken for an echo to return to the detector. | The distance to the reflecting boundary can be calculated if the speed of sound in the material is known.
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| Our knowledge of the structure of the Earth comes from studying how the shock waves from earthquakes travel through it. These are called . . . | seismic waves. | show 🗑
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| Earthquakes produce waves which can be detected using . . . | show | They produce a pen and ink trace on a rotating drum of paper.
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| show | crust. | If the Earth was the size of an apple, the crust would only be the thickness of the skin.
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| The Earth's core extends about halfway to the surface. It consists of an inner and an outer core. The outer core is . . . | liquid nickel and iron. | show 🗑
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| The layer of rock surrounding the core extends almost to the surface and is called the . . . | mantle | show 🗑
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| The overall density of the Earth is much greater than the mean densities of the rocks that form the crust. This suggests that . . . | show | Density increases with depth due to the increasing pressure of the overlying rocks.
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| What are the two types of seismic waves that travel through the interior of the Earth? | show | There are surface waves as well which only travel through the crust.
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| Which type of seismic waves are faster? | Primary (P) waves | show 🗑
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| show | P waves are longitudinal, S waves are transverse. | P waves are compression waves. S waves are shear waves.
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| Which type of seismic wave cannot travel in a liquid? | S waves | show 🗑
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| show | they are being refracted. | They travel faster as they go deeper.
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| The speed of seismic waves increases with depth because . . . | show | Seismic waves travel faster in denser material.
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| The speed and direction of P waves change abruptly as they reach the outer core because . . . | show | Liquids are less dense than solids.
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| We know that the outer core is a liquid because . . . | S waves can't travel through it. | show 🗑
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| Some seismometers cannot detect the S waves from an earthquake. Why is this ? | show | If the seismometer is in a 'shadow zone', only P waves can reach it.
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| show | they may have been part of larger land mass which spli apart. | e.g. south east America and west Africa
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| show | similar patterns of rocks and fossils on different continents | Or perhaps a land bridge which broke apart could explain this
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| The upper part of Earth's mantle and crust is called the . . . | show | It is moving on top of denser material below
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| The pieces of Earth's lithosphere which are moving are called . . . | tectonic plates | show 🗑
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| The Earth's tectonic plates are moving slowly at a speed of about . . . | show | We can measure this by timing radio signals
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| The process which drives plate tectonics is . . . | show | The energy is provided by radioactive decay which releases heat
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| show | more earthquakes and volcanic eruptions | You can see a map of this in your text book
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| Where two plates meet they may slide past each other. This is known as a . . . | show | They rub and produce friction e.g. California
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| When two tectonic plates approach each other, one of them may be driven down. This is called . . . | show | Old crust is melted to form volcanoes
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| Sea floor spreading is caused when . . . | show | New magama rises to fill the gap
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| Evidence for sea-floor spreading is provided by . . . | magnetic reversal patterns in oceanic crust | show 🗑
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Created by:
J Thomson
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