Sociology Chapter 2
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| Culture | the language, beliefs, values,norms,behaviors,and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
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| Material Culture | the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art,buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, jewelry
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| Nonmaterial culture | ( also known as symbolic culture) a groups way of thinking including its beliefs values and other assumptions about the world and doing ( its common patterns of behavior including language and other form of interaction)
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| Culture Shock | the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer tak-for-granted assumptions about life
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| Ethnocentrism | the use of one's own culture as a yard stick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values norms and behaviors
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| Cultural Relativism | not judging but trying ti understand it on its own terms
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| Symbolic culture | another term of nonmaterial culture
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| Symbol | something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others
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| Gestures | the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
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| Language | a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
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| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Wharf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
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| Values | the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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| Norms | expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values
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| Sanctions | expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms
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| Positive Sanctions | a reward or positive reaction for following norms ringing form a smile to a prize
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| Negative Sanctions | an expression of disapproval for breaking an norm ranging from a mild informal reaction such as a frown to a forma reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
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| Folkways | norms that are not strictly enforced
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| Mores | norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well begin of the group
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| Taboo | a norm so strong that it often brings revulsion if violated
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| Subculture | the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
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| Counterculture | a group whose values beliefs and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture
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| Pluralistic society | a society made up of many different groups
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| Value Cluster | values that together from a larger whole
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| Value contradiction | values that contradict each other to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other
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| Ideal Culture | the ideal values and norms of people; the goals held out for them
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| Real Culture | the norms and values that people actually follow
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| Cultural Universal | a value, norm, or other, cultural trait that is found in every group
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| Sociobiology | a frame work of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considered biological factors ti be the fundamental cause of human behavior
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| Technology | in its narrow sense tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools.
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| New Technology | the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life
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| Cultural lag | Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
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| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
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| Cultural Leveling | the process by which cultures become similar to ones another; refers especially to the process by which U.S. culture is being diffused into other nations
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