EKG
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| A U wave usually occurs when a patient has ____ | very low K+, follows the T wave and reflects late repolarization.
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| The QRS complex occurs when ______ | the ventricles contract or depolarize.
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| On an EKG machine, the standard checks the ____ | voltage the instrument is using; normal is 10mm.
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| The heart has 4 valves that are made up of ____ | endocardium, they are aortic, pulmonic ,tricuspid and mitral/biscuspid valves
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| Blood leaves the heart through the ____ and the _____ valves. These valves are also called _____ | Pulmonic; Aortic; Semilunar valves
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| As blood returns to the heart from the body it enters the _____ | Right atrium
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| Where does the superior vena cava get its blood from? | head, neck, and upper extremities
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| The innermost layer of the heart is called the _____ | endocardium
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| Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition when the heart, for whatever reason, cannot ________. The body compensates in _____ major ways. | meet the demands of the body; three
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| The two entrance valves of the heart are the _____ and _______ | Tricuspid; bicuspid valves. (AV valves located between an atrium and a ventricle.)
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| The semilunar valves are the ____ and ____ | pulmonic and aortic valves
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| The pericardium is the ______ that _______ the heart and supports, protects and anchors the heart to the from the | doubled walled sac, encloses ; diaphragm and great vessels.
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| The EKG records the ____ called the _____ | electrical impulses; cardiac cycle
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| The cardiac cycle is represented by the ______, _____, and the _____. | P wave; QRS complex; T wave
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| P wave represents the _____ | Contraction of the atrium or atrial depolarization
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| QRS complex represents the ____ | contraction of the ventricles or ventricular depolarization
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| T wave represents the _____ | relaxation of the ventricles or ventricular repolarization.
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| U wave is ____ but represents possible ____ | not always seen; low potassium.
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| The right and left atria are known as _____ | receiving chambers of the heart.
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| When blood is on its way from the left atrium to the left ventricle, it goes through the _____ | mitral valve then to the left ventricle to the aortic valve.
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| The only way to oxygenate the blood is through the ____ and ____ in the _____ | Alveoli; capillaries; lungs
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| The right and left side of the heart is separated by the ____ | septum
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| The speed that an EKG is normally run is ____ | 25mm/sec
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| The color of the ground lead is ____ | green or located on the right leg.
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| The approximate diameter of the coronary arteries is _____ | 1/8 inch
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| Another name for the bicuspid valve is _____ | mitral valve
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| The purpose of the gel on the electrode is it _______ | conducts electricity
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| The myocardium will get nourishment from the _____ | coronary arteries
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| If the myocardium stops ____ | the area that doesn't receive blood supply dies
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| The myocardium is the ______ | thickest layer of the heart
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| The size of a normal heart is _____ | about the size of your fist
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| The heart functions as a _______ | pump to pump blood to all the body's cells
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| Blood returns to the heart through the ____ | inferior and superior vena cava, then to the right atrium thru the tricuspid valve.
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| The inferior cava brings blood from ____ and the superior vena cava gets blood from _____ | below the diaphragm; head, neck, and upper extremities
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| The pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries ____ that comes from the ____ and returns blood back to the ____ for eventual circulation to _____ and | high oxygen blood; lungs; left atrium; body organs; cells
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| The term for a rapid heart beat is _____ | tachycardia
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| Depolarization and Repolarization are __________ events. Contraction and Relaxation are _______ events. | electrical; mechanical. (Electrical before mechanical)
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| The purpose of the conduction system is to ____ and ____ | initiate the heart beat; regulate the cardiac cycle
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| The top of the heart is the_________, while the bottom is the ________ | base; apex
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| Ectopic heart beats are generated from an ____ | impulse originating some other place besides the SA node
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| The SA node is located ____ | on the upper wall of the right atrium
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| The SA node's functioni is to ____ | generate the stimulus to make the heart beat
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| The term for the heart when it is contracting is ____ | systole
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| Fibrillation is a ____, with individual cells ____ | nonsynchronous contraction of muscle tissue; firing at their own rate
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| Fibrillation can be isolated to the ___. ____ is not compatible with life. | Atria or the ventricles; venticle fibrillation
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| A heart in fibrillation has been described as ______ | looking and feeling like a bag of worms
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| In the heart, when the atria contract, the blood is ______ | squeezed into the ventricles
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| When the heart beats too slow the patient can suffer from _____ | syncope
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| The heart is located in the ____ | mediastinum
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| The function of the heart is to _____ | pump sufficient amounts of blood to all of the cells in the body
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| The U wave usually appears _____ | after the T wave
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| Ischemia is _____. A condition of ______ | Reduced blood; inadequate blood flow to a tissue
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| Ishemia to the heart can cause ____ and if present long enough ____ | angina; infarction
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| Precordial leads are _____ | chest leads
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| The right leg electrode shows ____ and serves as a _____ | no cardiac information; ground electrode
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| A muscle tremor would look like a ______ on an EKG | fuzzy irregular baseline
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| A broken cable wire would cause a ______ | wandering baseline
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| Mediumstinum is the ______ and holds _____ | space between the lungs in the chest cavity; the heart and other respiratory units
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| Electrodes are ________ | plates that come between the patient and the current
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| Augmented lead aVR goes to the ______ | right arm
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| When the myocardium is stimulated, its muscle ___ | contracts
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| The myocardium is made of _____ | muscle
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| If the patient has the right arm amputated above the elbow place the lead on the ____ | upper part of that arm
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| If the patient has an amputation, the important thing to do is to be sure that wherever you place the lead, _______ | you use the same corresponding spot on the opposite limb
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| You standardize an EKG _______ | before and after you run the EKG
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| The pulmonary artery is the only artery that ____ | carries low oxygen or deoxygenated blood.
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| The pulmonary artery leaves the ____ | right ventricle
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| Normal sinus rhythms have a rate of ____ and each complex is ________ | 60 to 100 beats per minute; complete and normal in appearance
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| The term ____ means the heart rate is below 60 beats per minute | bradycardia
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| A sinus arrhythmia can be caused by ______ | changes in breathing
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| Asystole is a ______ associated with _____ | flat line; death
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| Pulmonary circulation is circulation that goes to the heart's _____ to the ____ where it is ____ and releases _____ | right atrium; lungs; oxygenated; built up carbon dioxide
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| If the heart beat fires ectopically it means the stimulus to generate _____ does not _______ | the heart beat ; occur in the SA node
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| Chordae tendonae holds the ______ | heart valves in place
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| A heart mumur is the sound of _______ | faulty action when the valves close
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| Ischemia is the lack of _____ to an area of the _____ | sufficient blood supply; myocardium
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| An MI is a ____ and occurs when the ____ because of ______ | myocardial infarction; myocardial tissue suffers death to the area; insufficient blood flow
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| One of the major causes of heart failure is _____ | untreated high blood pressure
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| You calculate the heart rate from an EKG strip by __________ | counting the number of complete complexes in 3 or 6 seconds and multiply by 20 or 10
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| The difference between agonal and asystole on an EKG is that asystole is a _____ while agonal is _____ | flat line; less than 20 beats per minute
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| An electrocardiogram is a _______ | recording or tracing of an EKG
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| ____ electrodes are used for a 12 lead EKG | ten
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| Automaticity is the ability of cardiac cells to __________ | Initiate an impulse without stimulation
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| PQRST complex represents ______ | one entire cardiac cycle
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| The T wave shows the _____ | relaxation of the ventricles or ventricular repolarization
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| An artifical pacemaker looks like _____ | a straight, hard vertical line or spike on an EKG
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| The apex of the heart is the ____ of the heart | pointed bottom end
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| The base of the heart is the _______ and is ____ in shape | upper border of the heart; broad
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| The blood in the pulmonary veins goes to the ____ | left atrium
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| The ______ encloses the heart | pericardial sac
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| Repolarization is the ____ phase | relaxation or resting phase and is an electrically - state.
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| Depolarization is the ___ phase | contraction and changes the resting - cell to a + charged one.
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| The base of the heart is located ____ | just below the 2nd rib
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| A heart chamber empties the blood during the ____ | contraction or systolic phase
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| When the ventricles are in the systole phase, they are _____ by _____ | pumping blood out of the chamber; contraction
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| The _____ is the largest chamber in the heart because it has the job of ________ | left ventricle; pumping blood out to all parts of the body
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| The two chambers that push the blood out of the heart are called the _____ | left and right ventricles
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| The cardiac tissue is unique because it is ____ | all fused together so it acts as one
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| Lead aVF goes to the ______ | left leg
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| A major cause of artherosclerosis is ______ | the build up of fat deposits on the walls of the arteries
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| Angina is ____ from _____ to _____ | heart pain; lack of circulation; coronary arteries
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| When the heart rate goes down to 40-60 beats per minute, the impulse is usually generated in the ________ | AV node
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| The aorta ____ and carries _______ | leaves the heart; blood to all parts of the body
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| The bottom number of blood pressure represents the ________ | relaxing or diastolic phase
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| When measuring the height of peaks in an EKG, each large square represents _______ | 5mm by 5mm
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| Each small square represents _____ | .04 seconds on EKG paper
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| Capillaries are __________ | the smallest blood vessels in the body; where nutrient and gas exchange take place.
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| AV Dissociation | Atria and ventricles depolarize and contract independently of each other.
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| By having a relatively slow conduction rate, the AV node allows the atria to _____ before they____ | empty more blood into the ventricles; contract
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| The Purkinje fibers are ____ found in the ____ of the heart. | specialized conducting cells; ventricular septum
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| The Purkinje fibers are organized in such a way as to mediate a ____ that wrings the blood from the ____ out towards the _____ of the heart | smooth contraction; apex; base
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| Vagal tone is virtually synonymous with ____ tone in regards to the heart | parasympathetic
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| Stimulation of the vagus causes a ____ which in turn causes a ______ in blood pressure | decreased heart rate; drop
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| Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a _____ disorder of the heart where ____ other than the _____ connect the _____. | conduction; electrical pathways; AV nodal system; atria with the ventricles
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| Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome can lead to ____. | reentrant arrhythmias
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| Tricuspid valve is located between the _____. It has ____ cusps | Right atrium and right ventricle; three
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| Mitral valve, also known as ___ valve, is located between the _____. It has ____ cusps | bicuspid valve; left atrium and left ventricle; two
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| The primary characteristics of the cardiac cells are ___________ | Automaticity, excitability, conductivity, contractility
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| Automaticity is the ability of the ______. Sites that possess this characteristic are the _____ | cardiac packemaker cells to spontaneously initiate their own electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source; SA node, AV junction, and the Purkinje fibers
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| Excitability, also referred to as ____, is shared by all _____ and it is the ability to ____ | irritability; cardiac cells; respond to external stimulus: electrical, chemical, and mechanical
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| Conductivity is the ability of all cardiac cells to ______ and transmit ________ | receive an electrical stimulus; the stimulus to the other cardiac cells
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| Contractility is the ability of the cardiac cells to _________ and _____ in response to ____ | shorten; cause muscle contraction; an electrical stimulus
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| The heart is classified as a _____ | hollow, muscular organ
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| The heart is made up of _____ layers which are ______ | four; endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium
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| The endocardium is the ____ of the heart | inner layer
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| The myocardium is the ______ of the heart | muscular layer
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| The epicardium is the _______ of the heart | outer layer
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| The pericardium is an _____ surrounding the heart that separates the _________ | outer sac; heart from the rest of the chest cavity
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| A lead is the _______ | the gel or pad that conducts electricity
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| The cardiac muscle has ____ stages. The ______ (____ or ____), the ______ (_____ or ____), and the ______ (_____). | three; contraction (systole, depolarization); relaxation (diastole, repolarization); baseline (polarization)
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| The normal standard ____ | 10mm/mv
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| Another name for the resting phase on an EKG is the _____ | baseline
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| The term electrocardiograph is the _____ | instrument used for recording the heart's activity
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| The P wave shows ____ | atrial contraction
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| Another name for Leads aVF, aVL, aVR is ____ | augmented
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| Sympathetic nerves are the "_________" response. The sympathetic system prepares _____ | fight or flight; the body for action
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