Modern
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| When was the true beginning of the war | When the soviet union fought back against the Nazi's and took their satellite state, annexing it into their own territory.
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| Why did Stalin want to keep the terriotories the Soviet Union gained during WW2 | He wanted to keep them as a buffer zone to prevent Russia from ever being invaded again (to protect Russia from further German aggression) because they suffered immensely and lost 20-30 million people
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| What was the iron curtain | The iron curtain was the border between Western democracy and Eastern democracy that ran through Germany and satellite states. Divided countries controlled by democracy and the countreis controlled by Soviet Union
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| Explain how Soviet Union set up communist countries while deceiving the Western Allies that they were running free elections | They rigged the elections so communist parties would win and form the government that ulitmately would be controlled by Russia
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| What were the conferences that occured befoer and after world war 2 ? | Yalta in Feb 1945 ( before war ended) and Postdam in July 1945
(and after war ended)
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| What were the purposes of these conferences | To decide on what to do with Germany once she was defeated, to deal with war reparations and to deal with satelite states
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| WHy was there previous tension between the West and Russia druing WW2 | Stalin requested to open up a second front because his country was suffering, however the other allied powers refused to help his devasted country. Stalin believed the allies were intentionally delaying opening up a second front to allow G weaken Russia
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| What was the purpose of the Yalta conference | Feb 1945. Germany was not yet defeated but clear she will surrender soon. To decide on Germany's future after she has been defeated. To promote co-operation between the Allied powers and to create a peaceful Europe.
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| What was agreed upon at the Yalta conference (consequences) | Nazi crims will be brought to court, set up liberated countries (namely Poland) government, set up commissions for war reparations, SU permitted to keep territories if fair and free elections, G demilitarised and made to pay war reparations, divide G
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| Who were the major leaders at Yalta and why was the conference very much so in Stalin's favour | Winston Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. Because Roosevelt needed SU to help with the war in the pacific by invading Japan.(he got North Korea as well)
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| What was the reason for the Potsdam conference | To enact what they had decided on at Yalta, relationships between SU and Allies had worsened because Stalin and arrested Polish leaders (denied Poland elections), Us developed nuclear weapons, Roosevelt died and Harry s Trueman wanted to get 'tough' wit R
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| When was the Potsdam conference | July 1945
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| What were the outocmes of Potsdam conference (zones) | G divided into four occupation Zones, which each of the Allied powers would control. Russia got the largest zone because the suffered the most in the war. Zones allowed them to take reparations.
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| what were the outcomes of the Potsdam conference (territorial concesssions) | Allowed their territorial concessions - allowed to take reparations in the form of territory and 10% of Western industrial equipment, all allies worked together to lead to a free Eastern Europe
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| Why wasn't the Potsdam conference very successful? | They disaggreed on lots of things.
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| What did the SU do to East Germany (concerning reparations) | Raped Eastern Zone of Germany. This was a problem because the allies didn't want to cripple Germany again. Eastern side of Germany was now poverty stricken.
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| What was the Trueman doctrine | The Trueman doctrine. Policy put in plan by Harry S Trueman that aimed to stop the spread of communism and help rebuild Europe. It was a policy of containment
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| How was the Trueman doctrine enacted | Marshall Plan.
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| What did the Marshall Plan involve | Pumping countries with money and aid, especially countries in danger of falling into communism. Build military and infastructure so they can fight back against c.
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| What was the goal of the Trueman Doctrine and Marshall Plain | Contain communism by making it look terrible, spread capatilism, rebuild Europe, sell American goods, making countries posperous again
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| How did the Marshall Plan make communism look unappealing? | Communism appeals to the poorer aspect of society so by building infastructure and flooding countries with money, it makes capatilism look extremely appealing.
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| What was the aid called that was an integral part of the Marshall Plan | Marshall Aid
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| What happens on June 23rd 1948 | West introduced a new currency called the Deutschmark that completely de-valued the Eastern Germany currency as it was worth 4 times as much.
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| what happens on the 6th of March 1948 | Western Allies unify their sectors to form one zone and formed a provisional gov. that gave more power to the Germans. This was a breach of the Potsdam protocol.
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| How did Stalin respond to the new currency | The East announced their new currency. It was still worthles compared s to the Western Currency
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| What happened on the 24th June 1948 | Berlin Blockade
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| What was the Berlin Blockade | Stalin's response to the West unifying their sectors and introducing currency. He blockaded all canal, road and rail routes between West Germany and West Berlin. Gave W an ultimatum - join us or starve
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| Why did Stalin blockade Western Berlin from West Germany | He wanted to force the USA into submission. He was concerned that due to the recent unifcation and introduction of Deutschmark that the USA and western allies were attempting to re-unify Germany and a plot to lure East Berliners and East Germans into West
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| Why did Stalin not want Germany to re-unite | Would strengthen Germany and the Western Allies and severely weaken SU
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| When was the Berlin Airlift | June 1948 - 1949
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| How did the America and other Western Allies respond to Berlin Blockade? | Stood their ground and supplied West Berlin via the air
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| Why couldn't Stalin stop the airlift | He was unable to stop the airlift. If he shot them down he would start ww3 (at this time Russia didn't have nuclear weapons)
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| Effects of Berlin Blockade/airlift | West Berliners were shocked how the East were treated by SU, Massively increased tentions between EB and WB, humiliated Stalin and Soviet Union, showed lengths Stalin would go to but not resort to war, propoganda victoriy for allies, showed Allies no leav
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| What was the Federal Republic of Germany | State formally known as West Germany. Formed a seperate, independent nation in May 23rd 1949 (not too soon after Blockade)
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| Why was the FRG created | The allies believed that Stalin would never co-operate
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| How did the Soviet Union react? | They responded by announcing that East Germany would become a seperate nation called Deutschland Democratic Republic.
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| What did the FRG and DDR represent | symbols of divided world. This marked the end of any discussion of re-uniting Germany
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| When was the first Berlin Crisis | in the 1950's
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| What was Berlin Crisis | A mass illegal emmigration of young academics and proffesionals from East Berlin to West
from East Berlin to the West.
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| Why were people emmigrating to West Berlin | They were under a repressive and restrictive system. Their skills/talents not appreciated/valued. East Berlin was impoverished while West Berlin was prosperous.
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| Why was the Soviet Union so desperate to stop the illegal emmigration | They were losing thousdands of intelligent and valuable people. Cause labour shortages and further degradation
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| What Ultimamtum did Kruschev give to the western powers in 1958 | The WEstern Allies had to withdraw in six months or the East would take control of Western Berlin's communication and the Western Allies would only have access with permission
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| What was the western allies response to the ultimatum in 1948 | They stood firm, refusing to leave and stating that they won't leave until Germany is re-united
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| When was the wall built | 1961
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| For what reasons did the allies decide to divide Germany and Berlin? | s partitioned Germany to control her until a government could be instated. They wanted to rebuild and reunify Germany. All four allies were integral into the war so they each got a zone each.
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| How were the Soviets able to exploit this division? | Decisions were made by a council of four powers. Decisions could only be instituted if the vote was unanimous. The Russians exploited this division by vetoing proposals and decisions made by the council that would disadvantage them
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| After Stalin died who took over the position of president | Nikita Krushchev. 1953 - 1964
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| Who was Nikita Kruschev | Soviet leader after Stalin. Responsible for partial de-stalinisation (providing more freedom, censorship was reduced, ushered in peaceful eara). Emphasised peacefully co-existing with Western Powers while maintaing Soviet communism. He constructed the wal
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| What action did the Soviets take in East Germany in 1958? | he established barbed wire fences and patrolled borders in order to prevent the illegal emigration of their citizens into West Berlin
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| Why was the wall constructed | Lost 2.5 million people by 1961, EG desperately needed to stop this mass exodus. The obvious leak was the easy access East Germans had to West Berlin.
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| Who took over from Nikita Kruschev | Lenoid Breznev. 1964. Attempted to normalise tensions through the process of Detente
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| What does Detente mean | easing of hostility/lessening of the tensions
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| What incited Detente | Cuban Missile Crisis - brought the world to the brink of nuclear destruction, Soviet and Us economies could no longer sustain arms race, Soviet and Us had reached nuclear parity, needed to normalise tensions to prevent nuclear war
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| What was the facet of Detente put forward by Willy Brandt | Ostpolitik
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| What did Ostpolitik involve | Improving the strenuous relationship between E and W Germ, Poland and Soviet Union. (normalising relationship)
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| Who was Willy BRandt | Chancellor of Germany between 1969- 1974. Social Democrat. Favoured the re-unifaction of Germany
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| When was Ostpolitik put into play and what incited it | 1969 -1971. The Cuban Missile crisis of 1962 incited the policy of Detente
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| Why did the Soviet Union need Detente | Soviets needed detente as they could not keep up with arms race
as their economy was shrinking, because they were spending so much
money on weapons
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| What did Ostpolitik involve? | Increase negotiation power and improve the relationship between East Germany to lessen the tension between Soviet Union.
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| Particular things that Willy Brandt did | 1970 - first W G to visit E G and have direct discussions. Directly Visits Moscow and meets with Leonid Brezhnev. Massive step. He visisted Poland (soviet controlled) to try to spread the message of co-operation.
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| What had stagnated relations between East and West Germany | Hallstein Doctrine (mid 1950's), It established that the Federal Republic would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any nation that recognises East Germany as it’s own country.
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| WHy were WIlly Brandt's negotiatsions between eg seen as such a big step forward | It was a massive step forward as it re-opened up communication and began the process of Detente.
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| What was the Treaty of Moscow | 197o between Soviet Untion and West G (FRG). A treaty aimed at normalising tensions. W G acknowledged Soviet Union borders, alleviating Soviet Union fears of invasion to take land back
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| What was the four power aggreement | 1971. Status quo of Berlin should not be altered unilaterally. These resulted in some dramatic changes in East/West relations such as traffic between the territories will be unimpeded and th e existing ties between them would be recognised. Borders were
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| What did the four power agreement mean | 'Cracks began to appear in Berlin wall do
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| Basic treaty | 1972 states committed themselves to improve and normalise their relationship. Guarantee each other’s soverignety, governments. borders. the - normalising relationships - recognised borders of EG and encouraged co-operation
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| why was the wall built | oes up to shut up borders - no passage across this wall - diffuse tensions between East and West (war is better than a awar). This wall will stop a war from happening between us
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| When was Gorbachev in power | 1985 - 1991. He caused the death of communism by ushering in a less repressive system, and opening up some restrictions, allowing more freedoms. However, this essentially killed it
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| WHy did polish workers go on stirke | The Polish workers went on strikein 1976 the Polish government attempted to raise prices (food was skyrocketing cause economy was in tatters) inciting a wave of strikes. Pay of workers were going down. Ship yard workers (an integral
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| What did the shipyar dworkers form | Solidarity - a trades union. Their aim was to gain rights.
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| Why were the soviets so frightened of Solidarity | The Soviets were so frightened of the Solidarity movement as they were worried it could incite a flow on effect and spread to other parts of Poland. They could defy the communist parties.
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| Why didn't Soviet Union invade Poland | They were not able to fund two wars (Afghanistan) at the same time as their economy was stagnant and severely crippled. Additionally they realised that the poles with the support and aid of the americans would fight back. Shows state of soviet economy
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| What were some of the reforms Gorbachev instituded | Perestoika, Glasnot. These reduced censorship, introduce aspects of communism, economic reforms, new foreign relations to with West to end hostility
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| What move did Hungary make in late 1989 that began the fall of the wall? | Removed barbed wire, opening up exodus points. East Germans could cross into Hungary then to anywhere else in the world
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| What happened when Hungary did this | No-one stopped them. Gobachev didn't want to force communism on people and it wwas their country their borders.
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| What happens after no-one stops people emigrating to hungary | East Germans demonstrate and attempt to try to change the system within their country. No-ones stops them - stazi attacked at first but unable to supress the movement
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| What happens once the Stazi are unable to stop the protests | Soviet Union have a session and decide to open the border. They give the order ansd the wall is taken down
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| When does Soviet Union and COmmunism die | 1991
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| when was the trueman doctrine/marshall plan introduced | After long telegram in 1947
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