DCE Chemistry Unit 2 Vocabulary
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| chemical symbol | a one or two letter representation of an element
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| law of conservation of mass | in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; mass can be neither created nor destroyed
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| atomic mass | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
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| atomic number | the number of protons in an element
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| proton | the positive part of the atom, found in the nucleus
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| neutron | the neutral part of the atom, found in the nucleus
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| electron | the negative part of the atom, found outside the nucleus
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| isotopes | different varieties of an element that vary only in the number of neutrons
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| nucleus | the area in the center of the atom, contains protons and neutrons
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| radioactivity | the process by which the nucleus of an atom changes
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| alpha particle | essentially a helium nucleus emitted during radioactive decay, atomic number of 2 and mass of 4
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| emission spectrum | a pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
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| Aufbau principle | the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
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| Hund's rule | electrons occupy separate orbitals of the same energy before they double up
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| Pauli exclusion principle | an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin
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| electron configuration | a way of showing where the electrons in an atom are, like an address
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| orbital notation | a way of showing where the electrons in an atom are, using arrows to represent the electrons
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| electron dot diagram | a notation that shows the valence electrons of an atom around the chemical symbol for that element
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| valence electrons | electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
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| ground state | the lowest possible energy level of an electron
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| excited state | when an electron has been given energy and has temporarily moved to a higher energy level
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| atom | the smallest part of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction
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| ion | an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons
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| half-life | the time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay
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| strong nuclear force | a force of attraction which helps hold the nucleus together
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| beta | an electron that is formed from the breakup of a neutron during a nuclear reaction
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| gamma | a type of energy that can be emitted during a nuclear reaction
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| positron | a particle with the mass of an electron but with a positive charge that is emitted during a nuclear reaction
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| electron capture | a type of nuclear reaction in which an inner electron is captured by the nucleus, resulting in the formation of a different element
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| fission | when a large, unstable nucleus breaks apart
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| fusion | the joining together of two nuclei to produce a larger nucleus
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| plum pudding model | a model of the atom in which the negative electrons are dispersed throughout a positive atom, like plums in pudding
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| gold foil experiment | an experiment that revealed that the nucleus is small and has a positive charge
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| cathode ray tube experiment | an experiment that revealed that all atoms have electrons and that electrons are negative
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| law of definite proportions | in samples of a compound the masses of elements are always in the same proportions
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| law of multiple proportions | when two elements form more than one compound, the masses of one element compared to the other are always small, whole numbers
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| chemical reaction | a reaction in which chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed
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| nuclear reaction | a reaction involving the nucleus of an atom, whereby one atom can be transformed into a different element or isotope
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| electrostatic force | The attraction or repulsion of particles or objects because of their electric charge (opposite charges attract, like charges repel)
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| strong nuclear force | the force that binds protons and neutrons together to form the nucleus of an atom
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| mass defect | the difference between the sum of the masses of the individual protons and neutrons and the mass of the whole atom
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| binding energy | the energy that is lost when a nucleus is created from protons and neutrons
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| electromagnetic spectrum | the complete range of the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, beginning with the longest radio waves and extending through visible light all the way to the extremely short gamma rays
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| spectroscopy | the measurement of the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by atoms or molecules
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