child development
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| Epigenetic framework | dev resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment
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| passive correlation | child has no control over their environment. their parents interests and and genetics are the deciding factor
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| evocative correlation | the responses child evokes from others are influenced by the child's heredity, which strengthen the child's original style
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| Apgar Scale | Heart Rate, Respiratory, Reflex, Muscle Tone, Color
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| Eleanor Gibson & Richard Walk | Visual Cliff
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| Eleanor Gibson & James Gibson | Differentiation theory
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| invariant features | things in the infant's environment that remain stable
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| affordances | the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities
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| differentiation theory | Eleanor and James Gibson. infants actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world
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| intermodal perception | simultaneous input from more than one modality, or sensory system. we make sense of running streams of light, sound, tactile, odor and taste information, perceiving them as integrated wholes
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| amodal sensory properties | babyis perceve input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting amodal sensory properties - information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems.
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| contrast sensitivity | difference in light between adjacent regions in a pattern. If infants are sensitive to the contrast in two or more patterns, they prefer the one with more contrast
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| pictorial depth cues | parts of pictures that make them look 3d (overlapping lines and line junctions) 3 to 7 months
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| binocular depth cues | 2 to 3 month sensitivity. arise because out two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field
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| statistical learning capacity | by analyzing the speech stream for patterns-- repeatedly occurring sequences of sounds--infants acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they start to talk around age 12 months
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| visual acuity | fineness of discrimination
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| visual cliff | depth perception study tool
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| psychosocial dwarfism | growth disorder (2 to 15 years old) decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age and serious adjustment problems
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| experience-dependent brain growth | occurs throughout our lives. consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that very widely across individuals and cultures
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| brain plasticity | a highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning. And if damaged, other parts can take over.
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| synaptic pruning | neurons that are not needed at the moment are returned to an uncommitted state so they can support future development
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| neurons | nerve cells
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| synapses | tiny gaps between neurons where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.
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| myelination | the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath (myelin) that improves the efficiency of message transfer
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| glial cells | Make up half the brain's volume and are responsible for myelination
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| experience-expectant brain growth | young brains. rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences-- opportunities to interact with people, hear language and other sounds, see and touch objects, and move about and explore the environment.
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| cephalocaudal trend | growth pattern where the head devs first followed by the lower parts of the body
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| skeletal age | the best estimate of a child's physical maturity. a measure of development of the bones of the body.
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| proximodistal trend | growth pattern where the center of the body devs first followed by the outer parts.
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| operant conditioning | infants act or operate on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.
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| Reinforcer | a stimulus that increases the occurence of a response
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| Punishment | removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response
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| Mary Ainsworth | studied adult responsiveness to infant cries
quick response meant less crying because these moms also responded to other means of communication like smiles so child didn't need to rely on crying
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| Classical Conditioning | learning in which neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus repeatedly, such that the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response eventually
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| Unconditioned (UnLearned) Stimulus | stimulus that causes particular response without prior learning
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| Unconditioned (UnLearned) REsponse | unlearned response caused by Unconditioned stimulus
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| Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus | neutral stimulus that comes to cause a particular response after being repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus
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| Conditioned Response | learned behavior to a stimulus that was not originally able to produce response
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| Positive Reinforcer | PRESENTING desirable stimulus
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| Negative Reinforcer | REMOVING unpleasant stimulus
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| Positive Punisher | PRESENTING unpleasant stimulus
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| Negative Punisher | REMOVING pleasant stimulus
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| Neonatal Behavioral assessement scale | T. Berry Brazelton
tests relexes, state changes, responsiveness to stimuli, and other reactions
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| Arguments against Corporal Punishment | -only temporarily suppressed undesirable behavior
-reinforces actions of punisher
-promotes anger, hostility, resentment
-mode is coercive, negative behaviors
-emits high emotion which affects cognitive functioning
-no teaching better behavior
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| Perception | interpretation of sensory input by brain
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| Sensation | process by which info about external events is detected by sensory receptors and transmitted to brain
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| Social Referencing | ability to use emotional ques of others to interpret strange situations
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| adult like color discrimination | 2nd month
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| face telling apart | 5 to 8 months
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| screen out sounds from non native languages | 6-8 months
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| differing tastes | 1st month
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| Campos | Depth perception researcher, used heart rate to perceive depth perception
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