Mendelian Genetics N
Help!
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| define what are Homologous Chromosomes | Paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits that are arranged in the sames order.
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| A gene that displays a specific trait (located on a specific spot on the chromosome is called??...... | Alleles
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| give examples of Allele for flower color | Gene can be for purple flower
gene can be for white flower
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| define what it means to be Homozygous | it has two idientical alleles for a trait.
example Purple flower color + Purple flower color.
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| what is the definition of Genotype | Combbination of genes in an organism.
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| what is the definition of Phenotype | Outward / physical appearance of an organism(regardless of genes)
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| Genetics define it | Is the branch of biology that studies heredity or how traits are passed on from generation to generation.
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| Who was Gregor Mendel | He was an Austrian Monk (1850)'s
father of genetics
He tested and calculated the mathematical probabilities (quantitative analysis) of inheriting genetic traits.
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| who studied pea plants | Gregor Mendel.
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| What are the advantages of Pea Plants that Mendels experiment. | Many varieties with distinct heritable features.(characteristic) with differnt variants(traits)
Easy to grow
Plants mature quickly Self pollination each plant has a male and female sex organs (stamens; carpal
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| describe Mendels Process | Controlled experiment
Mendel had strict control over which plants mated (Cross Pollination:
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| define Cross Pollination | Transferred pollen from one plant to another
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| what did mendel concentrate on crossing?? | Short and tall plants
Plants with purple and white flowers.
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| P parent generation means | The true breeding parents
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| f1 (filial) generation | hybrid offspring
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| what is the color of the flower in the f1 generation? | Purple the f1 generation the dominant trait is visable (purple) and the recessive trait(white) is invisible.
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| what was Mendel's first Law? | law of Dominance
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| define the Law of Dominance | There are alternate versions of genes, some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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| what happen when two organisms that are HOMOZYGOUS (PURE) for opposing traits are crossed, what will the offspring be??? | the offspring will be heterozygous or hybrid (carry two different alleles).
The organizm will display the Dominent trait.
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| what do you call the true breeding parents | P generation
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| what do you call the generation hybrid offspring | F1 generation
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| what is a Punnett square | it is a diagram used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding of two organisms
it shows the probability of inheritance of genes/ traits.
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| what is Mendels second law | the law of Segregation
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| define the law of segregation | Every individual has two alleles (one from each parent) and because of this two different types of gametes can be produced (during meiosis)
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| why can two different gametes be produced during meiosis according to the Law of secgregation. | because every individual has two alleles (one from each parent) and because of this two differnt types of gametes can be produced during MEIOSIS.
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| MENDELS SECOND LAW WHAT DOES F1 GENERATION CONTAIN | FLOWER COLOR= PURPLE AND WHITE GENES
HEIGHT= TALL AND SHORT GENES.
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| MENDELS PROCESS PART 2 | MENDEL ALLOWED THE F1 GENERATION FLOWERS TO SELF - FERTILIZE AND PRODUCE OFFSPRING. (MONOHYBRID CROSS)
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| WHAT IS HE DEFINITION OF MONOHYBRID CROSS | SELF -FERTILIZE AND PRODUCE OFFSPRING
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| WHAT HAPPENED WHEN WHEN MENDEL ALLOWED MONOHYBRID CROSS TO TAKE PLACE WITH THE F1 GENERATION FLOWERS | THE WHITE TRAIT REAPPEARED IN THE F2 GENERATION
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| MENDELS RECORDED 705 PURPLE-FLOWERED F2 PLANTS AND 224 WHITE-FLOWERED F2 PLANTS FROM THE ORIGINAL CROSS. |
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| In the F2 generation what is the Phenotype ratios: | 3:1
3 purple flowers : 1 white flower
75% purple flowers and 25% white flower
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| what is the Genotypic Ratio in the F2 generation | (1:2:1)
1 homozygous dominant
* TT(25%)
2 heterozygous
2 Tt (two different alleles) 50%
1 homozgous recessive *1tt(25%)
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| What is Mendels Third Law | Law of Independant Assortment
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| define the law of Independant Assortment | Genes of different traits are inherited independently of each other.
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| what did Mendel cross in his Dihybrid experiment | He crossed Pea plants that differed from each other with two different traits ( instead of one trait in his previous experiment.
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| In Mendels Dihybrid Crosses what two traits did Mendel focus on | Seed color
Seed shape
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| What was the Dominent Genes in Mendels DiHybrid Crosses | Seed Color Yellow
Seed Shape Round
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| what was the F1 generation in the Mendels Dihybrid Crosses | All Round and yellow seeds
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| what was the P1 generation in the Mendels Dihybrid Crosses | Round Yellow seeds
Wrinkled green seeds
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| What was the Phenotype Ratio in Mendels Dihybrid Crosses | 9:3:3:1 ration
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| 9 Round yellow (RRYY) 3 round green (RRyy) 3 wrinkled yellow (rryy) 1 wrinkled green (rryy) |
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| Mendels Dihybrid Crosses Genotypic Ratio | 1:2:2:1:4:2:1:2:1 genotypic ratio
RRYY:1/16 (homosygous) dominant for both sides)
RRYy: 2/16 ( homozygous dominant shape heterzygous color
RrYY 2/16 hetersygous dominant shape hetersygous color.
RRyy 1/16 homozygous dominant shape ,hetersygous color
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| Mendels Crosses | Why did Mendels experiments work
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| why did Medels experiment work | He looked at TRAITS that are passed on INDEPENDENTLY. They do not depend on the inheritance of other TRAITS.
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| what did Mendel look at in his Crosses that made his experiment work | He look at TRAITS that are passed on independently.
Meaning they are not dependant on the inheritance of other Traits.
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| When you have Pure Dominant Vs Pure Ressive P1: TT X tt what is the Genetic Ratio what is Phenotypic Ratios | Genetic ratios: 100 % Heterzygous Tt
Phenotypic Ratios: 100% all look like the dominant parent.
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| Practice Hybrid X Hybrid (Heterosygous x Heterozygous) P1= Tt x P2: Tt what is the Genetic Ratios: What is the Phenotyic Ratios: | Genetic Ratios:
1:2:1 (25%:50%:25%)
1 dominant, 2 heterzygous,
1 recessive
Phenotypic Ratios:
3:1 (75%:25%)
3tall 1 short.
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| Practice P1 Tt X tt What are the genetic Ratios what are the Phenotypic Ratios | Genetic Ratios: 1:1 ( 50%:50%)
2 heterozygous
2 Homozygous recessive
Phenotypic Ratios
1:1 (50%:50%)
2 tall, 2 short F1 Offspring
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| Practice Hybrid X Pure Dominant (Heterzygous X homosygous dominant) P1: Tt X P2 TT Genetic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios | Genetic Ratio:
1:1 (50%:50%)
2 homozygous dominant
2 heterzygous
Phenotypic Ratios:
100 %
All appear tall F1 Offspring
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| In Punnett Squares, What is necessary for Genetic ratios | You would need to know the GENOTYPE OF THE PARENTS.
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| IN A PUNNETT SQUARE IF YOU DID NOT HAVE THE GENEOTYPE OF THE PARENTS WHAT IS THE ONLY PIECE OF INFORMATION YOU WOULD KNOW | YOU WOULD KNOW THE PHENOTYPE WHICH IS THE OBSERVABLE / PHYSICAL TRAITS.
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| TEST CROSSES- BACK CROSSES WHAT IS A TEST CROSS | A TEST CROSS IS A WAY TO DETERMINE THE GENOTYPE OF AN ORGANISM.
UNKNOWN PARENT:
*heterzygous or homosygous dominant
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| what is the method to test cross- or back cross to determine the genotype of an organism | cross an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of a known genotype
* usually crossed with an individual that is homosygous recessive.
The pattern of observable phenotypes can help determine the unknown of genotype of the parent.
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| Possible results of Test Cross -back Crosses If any off spring show the recessive trait, the parent of the unknown genotype must be? | Heterozygous (a hybrid)
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| what will be the results of the test crosses with an parent with an unknown genotype. | The test cross will show 50% dominant trait 50% will show recessive trait (1:1) ratio
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| what is the definition of Karyotype | organized profile of a persons chromosomes
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| Chromosomes 1-22 are called what? | Autosomal Chromosomes
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| how many chromosomes are there | 23 pairs
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| how many sex chromosomes are there | 2
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| what are the sex chromosomesfor a female | XX
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| what are the sex chromosomes for a male | XY
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| The women (Egg) always donates what chromosomes | X
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| the Male (sperm) determines what | the sex of the child
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| If you donate a X you will have a ...... child | female
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| if you donate a Y you will have a .....child | male
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| In a pregnancy what are the chances of having either a girl or boy child | 50%
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| Why dont Genetic ratios appear in human situations | Some traits are determined through multiple genes. also Blending , codominance and incomplete dominance occur.
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| In Intermediate Inheritance what does it mean to have incomplete Dominance | Incomplete Dominance is characterized by blending. In some living things, characteristics can be neither dominant nor recessive.
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| Heterozygous offspring are intermediate in appearance between their homosygous parents what is this known as | Blending, and incomplete dominance and codominance.
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| Intermediate Dominance is characterized by what | Blending
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| Incomplete Dominance has the appearance of what | it has the appearance of a third Phenotype
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| The third Phenotype is what | an intermediate between those of the two homozygotes
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| In Incomplete dominance since neither parent is dominant, all the genes are | designated by Capital Letters ( two different capital letters)
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| In Incomplete dominance when the heterozygous offspring are crossed how many possibilities of offspring are possible | Three
*2 pure nd 1 in-between hybrid.
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| what happens when you cross black and white chickens | you can produce blue chickens
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| Black and white chickens can produce blue chickens true or false | true
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| mating blue chickens (f1generation produces) what | 1 black 2 blue and 1 white chickens
ratio = 1:2:1 ratio
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| what is codominance | the expression of both alleles(both traits are shown)
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| Examples of Codominance in = dominant allele for black/ yellow Calico Cats B= dominant allele for the black (black fur) Y=recessive allele for the yellow (yellow fur) | expresses both alleles for color
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| Inactive alleles on condenced Chromosomes is called what | Barr Bodies
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| Allelies on regular X & Y Chromosomes are ? | functional
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| Co dominance The MN blood groups in human illustrate CODOMINANCE TRUE OR FALSE | TRUE
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| How many different blood groups are there? | three
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| Name the 3 different blood groups | M, N ,MN
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| Name the three different possbile scenarios | Homozygous MN
Homozygous NM
Hybrid MN where both alleles are equally expressed.
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| what are the traits carried on the X chromosomes called | sex linked
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| Defective X chromosomes Females inherit two copies of sex- linked genes (XX) females can be what | Normal- which means they dont contain an X Chromosome with the gene.
Carrier only contain one X chromosome with the gene
Abnormal contain both X Chromosomes with the gene and has the sex linked genetic disorder
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| In sex linked disorders in females If you are Normal what does that mean | do not contain an X Chromosome with the gene
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| In sex link disorders in females if you are a Carrier what does this mean | only contain one X chromosome with the gene
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| In sex link disorders in females if you are abnormal what does that mean | contain both X chromosome with the gene and has the sex- linked genetic disorder.
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| In Males sex linked disorders can be | Normal or Abnormal
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| Can Males be carriers of Sex linked disorders | NO
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| Can a son inherit a sex-linked trait from thier father | No
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| why cant a son inherit a sex-linked disorder from their father | because the son only inherits only the Y chromosome from the father.
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| If a male inherits the gene, he will express it. |
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| It is less likely that a female will be abnormal why | because they need both X chromosomes to contain the gene to express it.
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| what is a sex linked disorder define it | is a recessive mutated gene on X chromosome
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| define what is Colorblindess | it is where individuals are unable to distinguish color
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| what does color blindness effect | this effects the sensitivity of the cones in the eye (receptors for color in the eyes)
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| when looking at the ability to see color or not what does XB stand for what does Xb stand for | XB = normal vision
xb = color blind
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| with Color blindness Possible genotypes in females and males XBXB- stands for what | female with normal vision
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| what does XBXb stand for | Carrier female with normal color vision
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| XbY stands for | male with normal color vision
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| XbY stands for | Male who is color blind
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| Males only have one X Chromosome and cannot be carriers of colorblindness true or false | true
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| what is Hemophilia | a clotting disorder
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| what does it mean for blood to clot | the abilty to clump and stop bleeding.
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| what is the cause of Hemophilia | caused by the absence of one or more protein necessary for normal blood clotting.
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| fact 1in 10,000 males are born with Hemophilia. |
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| define what is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | it is when muscle tissue breakdown due to inactive form of protein needed for proper muscle function.
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| 1/3000 males are born with this disease. |
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| describe what is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | Weakening or loss of muscle tissue
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| Multiple Alleles define it | more than two allelic forms of a gene.
example Blood
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| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MULTIPLE ALLELE | BLOOD
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| WHAT IS AN ANTIGEN | AN ANTIGEN IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN RESPOND TO
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| WHAT ARE THE ANTIGENS IN BLOOD GROUPS | THEY ARE EITHER SUGARS OR PROTEINS AND ARE ATTACHED TO THE TO COMPONENTS IN THE RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE.
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| ANTIGENS ARE SPECIFIC TO WHAT | INDIVIDUAL BLOOD TYPES
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| DEFINE WHAT IS AN ANTIBODY | ANTIBODIES ARE PROTEINS WITH CERTAIN SHAPES THAT RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO FOREIGH SUBSTANCES.
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| WHAT DOES ANTIBODIES ATTACK | CERTAIN RED BLOOD CELLS
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| WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED AS | THEY ARE PRODUCED AS AN IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO AN "INTRUDER" -- ATTACHES ITSELF TO THE PATHOGEN.
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| MULTIPLE ALLELES- BLOOD TYPE HOW MANY BLOOD TYPES ARE THERE | THERE ARE 4 DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES
A,B, AB O
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| WHAT ARE THE 4 DIFFERNT BLOOD TYPES DETERMINED BY WHAT | 3 ALLELES. A,B,O
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| DOMINENT GENES IN MULTIPLE ALLELES -BLOOD TYPE A AND B ARE WHAT TYPE OF GENES | THEY ARE CODOMINANT AND WRITTEN AS IA AND IB RESPECTIVELY
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| I STANDS FOR WHAT | IMMUNOGLOBULIN
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| WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BOTH ALLELES ARE PRESENT. | THEY ARE EXPRESSED EQUALLY
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| WHAT IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF AB | CODOMINANT.
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| RECESSIVE GENE BLOOD TYPE O IS WRITTEN AS ? | i
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| IF YOU HAVE TYPE A BLOOD TYPE WHAT TYPE OF ERYTHROCYTES AND ANTIBODIES DO YOU HAVE | ERTHROCYCTES WITH TYPE A SURFANCE ANTIGEN A AND ANTI B ANTIBODIES IN THE PLASMA
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| DEFINE WHAT IS pOLYGENIC INHERITANCE | WHEN YOU HAVE SEVERAL GENES CONTROL A SINGLE CHARACTERISTIC EX. SKIN COLOR HAIR COLOR AND HEIGHT RESULT FROM A BLENDING OF SEPARATE GENES.
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| WHAT DOES SKIN COLOR RESULT FROM | THE BLENDING OF THREE DIFFERENT GENES
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| INTERACTION OF ENVIRNMENT AND GENETIC EXPRESSION |
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| AT FERTILIZATION THE MAKEUP OF AN ORGANISM DETERMINES WHAT | ONLY THE ORGANISMS POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP AND FUNCTION.
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| WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HOW A GENE IS EXPRESSED. | EXTERNAL ENVIRNMENT
INTERNAL: ENVIRNMENT
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| EXTERNAL ENVIRNMENT FACTOS | TEMPERATURE
NUTRITION
CHEMICALS
LIGHT
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
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| EXTERNAL ENVIRNMENT EXAMPLES | ARTIC FOXES AND SIAMESE CATS
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS EXPRESSION OF COAT COLOR
THIS IS DONE TO BLEND INTO THEIR SURROUNDINGS.
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| EXTERNAL ENVIRNMENT EXAMPLE FRUIT FIES | WING EXPRESSION CAN BE ALTERED BY TEMPERATURE
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| THE PH OF THE SOIL CHANGES THE COLOR OF HYDRANGEA PLANT | Basic PH the color is light blue
Acidic PH the color is Purple blue
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| External Envirnment Light affects the skin |
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| what does the sun emit that is damaging to the skin | ultaviolet rays (uva and uvb)
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| What rays are more damaging and cause wrinkles | UVA Rays
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| what rays affect the genetic makeup of the epidermis which causes the damage that may lead to skin cancer? | UVB
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| what Rays affect the production of Melanin | UVB rays affect the production of melanin this causes genetic damage - creating freckles and age spots.
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| Sunlight affects the expression of certain genes. |
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| True or False If plants lack sun exposure they will loose their green color | True
Example Chlorophyll production in plants
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| what is this an example of On a tree identical leaves (have the same genetic envirnment ) can vary in size and color due to their envirnment | effects from the external envirnment.
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| Internal envirnment of males and females are different why | this is due to hormones and structural differences.
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| Inheritiance can be influenced by the sex of the individual carrying the traits. |
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| Inheritance is not a sex- linked trait. it is a sex- influcenced trait. example is Baldness. |
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| who discovered the sex linked traits | Thomas Hunt Morgan
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| Thomas Hunt Morgan linked genes and chromosomes mapping while working with what | Fruit Flies
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| what is another names for fruit flies | Drosophilia Melanogaster
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| Why did Morgan use Fruit Flies | their traits are easily visable
Short reproductive cycle
many offspring are produced per generation
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| How many chromosomes are there in a fruit fly | 8 Chromosomes which has 3 pairs of autosomomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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| how many pairs of autosomes are in the 8 chromosomes | 3 pairs of autosomes
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| how many pairs of sex chromosomes are in the 8 chromosomes in a fruit fly | 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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| In fruit flies the sex determination is similar to who | humans
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| Morgans Experiment what did he cross | Crossed the white- eyed male with a homozygous red eyed female
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| in the experiment that Morgan crossed the white eyed with a red eyed female what was the F1 generation = | all F1 generation = red eyes
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| if all the F1 generation where red eyes what did this indicate about the white eyed trait. | this means that the whitl eyed trait was recessive.
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| Morgan than crossed the F1 generation According to MENDELIAN GENETICS THE F2 generatiion would show what? | 3:1 ratio of red eyes to white eyes.
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| Morgan did see the 3:1 ratio except the trait of the white eyes only appeared in what | Male flies
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| Morgan crossed a Hetoerzygous red-eyed female with a white - eyed male what did he find | He found that half of all the females= white eyes
half of all the males = white eyes
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| what was the conclusion of Morgan crossing a heterozygous red-eyed female with a white-eyed male | the allele for the eye color is carried on the x chromosome and the Y chromosome has no corresponding allele for eye color.
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| this result of the experiment and finding the allele for the eye color is carried on the x chromosome is an example of a what? | X-linked trait (sex linked)
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| Thomas Hunt Morgan- Linked Genes what is a linked gene | linked genes are genes that are carried on the same chromosome.
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| linked genes travel together and are | inherited together.
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| Linked genes travel together and are inherited together |
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| If the genes are located far enough away from each othere on the chromosomes, the linked genes can be separated by _______ | Crossing over between homologous chromosomes.
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| what does crossing over add | Variation.
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| Crossing over Adds Genetic Variation |
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| define Crossing Over | Exchange of Genetic information during Meiosis
Crossing over adds variation in Offspring.
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| Chromosomal Mutations how are they assessed | they are assesed by Karotypes
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| Chromosomal Mutations are different than gene mutations |
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| what are Gene mutations caused by | Gene mutations are caused by a change in the DNA sequence.
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| what is Nondisjunction | when chromosomes fail to separate.
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| what is Aneuploidy | an abnormal number of Chromosomes
Extra or missing chromosomes
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| what is an example of Aneuploidy | Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21
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| Define Polyploidy | a cell or an organism has an extra set of Chromosomes(3n or 4n)
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| when does Polyploidy occur | this occurs when an entire set of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis.
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| where is Polyploidy commonly seen | In Plants
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| what is Polyploidy responsible for | large and brightly colored flowers
this if fatal in animal offspring.
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| Polyploidy can be genetically engineered. |
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| what is the name of a toxic chemical that can induce Polyploidy in plants | Colchinine.
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| How does the Colchinine work | it prevent the microtuble formation during cell division so the Chromosomes do not pull apart.
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| Polyploidy prevents the microtubule formation during cell divisionso the chormosomes do not pull apart. |
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| Polyploidy induces what | nondisjunction
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| Deletion define it | when a fragment of a chromosome is deleted.
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| the deleted fragment is not attached to the centromere. |
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| what happens after deletion | the two segments fuse together
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| what happens to the chromosomes after deletion | the chromosomes is shorter and missing genes.
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| Inversion define it | when a chromosomal fragement reattaches to its original chromsome but in the reverse order.
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| the break can occur above or below the centromere or include the centromere. |
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| what is Translocation | Translocation is a fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome
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| balanced translocation | when pieces of chromosomes are rearranged but no genetic material is lost or gained in the cell.
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| unbalanced translocation | when a childe inherits a chromosome with extra or missing material from a parent with a balanced translocation.
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| Insertion - frameshift define insertion | Insertion is when a nucleotide base pair is inserted into the sequence.
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| Insertion causes a frameshift to occur, how by | shifting all of the nucleotide base pairs to the right
this has an effect on all subsequent aminoacids.
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| what does Karotype Analysis examine | the size shape and number of chromosomes
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| Karotype is photographed in what phase of mitosis | Metaphase
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| what does Karotype determine | Determines Sex- XX-XY
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| what is a pedigree tree | it is a family tree that shows how a trait is transmitted/ inherited through generations.
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| Males pedigree is | square
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| female pedigree is | circle
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| not shaded means | person does not carry an allele for a trait.
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| half shaded means | person is a carrier (only one allele)
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| fully shaded | person expresses the trait (two alleles)
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| Human Genetic Disorders what are some sex linked disorders | Colorblindness
hemophilia
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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| Autosomal Dominant | Huntingon Disease
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| Autosomal recessive Genetic Disorders | Sickle Cell Anemia
PKU
Tay-Sachs
Cystic Fibrosis
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| Extra or Missing Chromosome (Nondisjunction) | Down Syndrome
Klinefelters syndrome
Turner Syndrome
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| Sickle Cell Anemia results from what | results from a point mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin
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| The abnormal hemoglobin causes | the red blood cells to sickle when available
Low oxygen
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| Malaria is a common what | Genetic disorder found in African
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| Malaria is what | a serious parasitic disease that infects red blood cells.
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| what is PKU Phenylketonuria | autosomal ressive
a rare condition where a baby is born with out the ability to properly breakdown the amino acid Phenylalnine
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| PKU is an inherited disease that must be passed on by | both parents pass on this defective gene.
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| with out the enzyme Phenylanine builds up in the body | this requires a strict diet
harmful to the nervous system and can cause brain damage.
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| Tay-Sachs disease define it | autosomal recessive
onset is early in life
common in jewish people
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| define Tay- Sachs | Lipase is missing (enzyme required to breakdown lipids)
lipids accumulate in brain cells
results in mental deficiency blindness and seizures.
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| In tay- Sachs disease what is missing in a persons body to breakdown Lipids? | the enzyme is Lipase is missing.
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| Lipids accumulate in Brain Cells what does this result in | Mental deficiency, blindness and seizures
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| what is Cystic Fibrosis | Auto recessive most common amoung people with ancestors from Northern Europe
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| 1/25 Caucasians are Carriers of what? | Cystic fibrosis
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| define what cystic fibrosis | most common defect in the deletion of 3 bases from the CFTR gene. this results in the amino acid Phenylalanine to be missing from the CFTR protein.
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| Mis folded proteins result. CFTR protein is a required part of the chloride ion channel in the lungs |
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| when the CFTR protein malfunctions what happens in the lungs | thick mucus builds up in the lungs, digestive tract and other organs.
this becomes the breeding grounds for bacteria.
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| What is Huntingtons Disease | Autosomal Dominant
onset is usually middle aged
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| define Huntington Disease | Degenerate disease of the nervous system
results in uncontrollable movements
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| Down Syndrome what is the total number of chromosomes | 47
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| How does Down Syndrome occur | Non disjunction
Chromosomes fail to separate during meosis
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| Trisomy-21 an extra chromosome 21 | 3instead of 2
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| Characteristics Distinct facial features | round faces, almond shaped eyes, flatter profiles, short stature and short limbs
mental problem low muscle tone delayed motor function, vision problems, hearing loss, heart defects.
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| Turners Syndrome | totoal number of Chromosomes 45
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| how does Turners Syndrome occur | NonDisjuction.
chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis leaving one egg/sperm with no Chromosome.
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| Absence of a sex Chromosome | XO
in the majority of the cases the x-Chromosome is
donated from the mother.Non disjunction in the sperm
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| Turners Syndrome can be diagnosised by | aminocentisis or Chorionic Villus Sampling during pregnancy.
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| klinefelters Syndrome total number of chromosomes | 47
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|
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| how is klinefelters syndrome occur | Non disjunction
Extra sex chromosomes XXY total of 3 Chromosomes
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|
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| affected in males are often infertile or have reduced fertility. low testosterone levels |
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|
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| 10 % of cases of Klinefelters Syndrome are found by prenatal diagnosis. via an aminocentesis or Chorionic Villus Sampling. |
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| In Klinefelters Syndrome Male have genitalia with abnormally SMALL TESTES. |
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|
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| define Chorionic Villus Sampling | Cells from the developing fetus are suctioned out from the chorion (a membrane that surrounds the fetus)ulta Sound uses high frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside of the body.
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| Fetoscopy | doctor uses fetoscope to thesee the baby while it is still in the uterus.
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|
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| WHAT WEEK IS THE FETOSCOPY PERFORMED AT | WEEK 18 OF PREGNANCY
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| WHY IS THE FETOSCOPY DONE | TO CHECK FORM BIRTH DEFECTS
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|
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| TO COLLECT SAMPLES OF THE BLOOD FROM THE UMBILICAL CORD TO TEST FOR HEMOPHILIA OR SICKLE CELL. |
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|
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| TO COLLECT SAMPLES OF SKIN TISSUES FROM THE BABY TO TEST FOR INHERITED DISEASES. |
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|
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| SELECTIVE BREEDING DEFINE IT | BREEDING ORGANISM WITH SPECIFIC TRAITS IN ORDER TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITH IDENTICAL TRAITS
USED IN IN PLANTS OR ANIMALS
INCREASES THE FREQUENCY OF DESIRED TRAITS (ALLELES/GENES)
ABLE TO PICK WHICH TRAITS IN ORDER TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WITH IDENTICAL T
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| SELECTIVE BREEDING ALLOWS | ABLE TO PICK WHICH TRITS ARE PASSED ON AND WHICH ARE ELIMINATED
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| HIGH CROPS YIELD RESISTANCE TO DISEASE, HIGH GROWTH RATE |
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|
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| OUT BREEDING IS THE MATING OF TWO ANIMALS OR PLANTS THAT HAVE NON DIRECT RELATIONS TO ONE ANOTHER. | THIS OFTEN PRODUCES A HYBRID WHERE THE OFFSPRING HAVE DIFFERENT FORMS OF A TRAIT (COMPARED TO THE PARENT)
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| HYBRIDS THAT ARE PRODUCED BY CROSSING TWO PUREBRED PLANTS ARE OFTEN STRONGER AND LARGER THAN THE PARENTS. EXAMPLE DESIGNER DOGS |
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|
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| pOLYPLOIDY | CAN BE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED
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|
||||
| cOLCHICINE | CHEMICAL THAT INDUCES POLYPLOIDY IN PLANTS.
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|
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