Mendelian Genetics N
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| define what are Homologous Chromosomes | show 🗑
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| show | Alleles
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| give examples of Allele for flower color | show 🗑
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| show | it has two idientical alleles for a trait.
example Purple flower color + Purple flower color.
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| what is the definition of Genotype | show 🗑
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| show | Outward / physical appearance of an organism(regardless of genes)
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| Genetics define it | show 🗑
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| Who was Gregor Mendel | show 🗑
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| who studied pea plants | show 🗑
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| show | Many varieties with distinct heritable features.(characteristic) with differnt variants(traits)
Easy to grow
Plants mature quickly Self pollination each plant has a male and female sex organs (stamens; carpal
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| show | Controlled experiment
Mendel had strict control over which plants mated (Cross Pollination:
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| define Cross Pollination | show 🗑
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| show | Short and tall plants
Plants with purple and white flowers.
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| P parent generation means | show 🗑
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| f1 (filial) generation | show 🗑
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| show | Purple the f1 generation the dominant trait is visable (purple) and the recessive trait(white) is invisible.
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| what was Mendel's first Law? | show 🗑
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| show | There are alternate versions of genes, some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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| show | the offspring will be heterozygous or hybrid (carry two different alleles).
The organizm will display the Dominent trait.
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| what do you call the true breeding parents | show 🗑
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| show | F1 generation
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| show | it is a diagram used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding of two organisms
it shows the probability of inheritance of genes/ traits.
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| what is Mendels second law | show 🗑
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| show | Every individual has two alleles (one from each parent) and because of this two different types of gametes can be produced (during meiosis)
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| why can two different gametes be produced during meiosis according to the Law of secgregation. | show 🗑
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| show | FLOWER COLOR= PURPLE AND WHITE GENES
HEIGHT= TALL AND SHORT GENES.
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| MENDELS PROCESS PART 2 | show 🗑
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| show | SELF -FERTILIZE AND PRODUCE OFFSPRING
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| WHAT HAPPENED WHEN WHEN MENDEL ALLOWED MONOHYBRID CROSS TO TAKE PLACE WITH THE F1 GENERATION FLOWERS | show 🗑
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| MENDELS RECORDED 705 PURPLE-FLOWERED F2 PLANTS AND 224 WHITE-FLOWERED F2 PLANTS FROM THE ORIGINAL CROSS. | show 🗑
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| show | 3:1
3 purple flowers : 1 white flower
75% purple flowers and 25% white flower
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| what is the Genotypic Ratio in the F2 generation | show 🗑
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| show | Law of Independant Assortment
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| show | Genes of different traits are inherited independently of each other.
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| what did Mendel cross in his Dihybrid experiment | show 🗑
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| show | Seed color
Seed shape
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| What was the Dominent Genes in Mendels DiHybrid Crosses | show 🗑
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| show | All Round and yellow seeds
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| show | Round Yellow seeds
Wrinkled green seeds
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| What was the Phenotype Ratio in Mendels Dihybrid Crosses | show 🗑
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| 9 Round yellow (RRYY) 3 round green (RRyy) 3 wrinkled yellow (rryy) 1 wrinkled green (rryy) | show 🗑
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| Mendels Dihybrid Crosses Genotypic Ratio | show 🗑
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| Mendels Crosses | show 🗑
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| why did Medels experiment work | show 🗑
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| show | He look at TRAITS that are passed on independently.
Meaning they are not dependant on the inheritance of other Traits.
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| show | Genetic ratios: 100 % Heterzygous Tt
Phenotypic Ratios: 100% all look like the dominant parent.
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| show | Genetic Ratios:
1:2:1 (25%:50%:25%)
1 dominant, 2 heterzygous,
1 recessive
Phenotypic Ratios:
3:1 (75%:25%)
3tall 1 short.
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| Practice P1 Tt X tt What are the genetic Ratios what are the Phenotypic Ratios | show 🗑
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| Practice Hybrid X Pure Dominant (Heterzygous X homosygous dominant) P1: Tt X P2 TT Genetic Ratios Phenotypic Ratios | show 🗑
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| In Punnett Squares, What is necessary for Genetic ratios | show 🗑
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| show | YOU WOULD KNOW THE PHENOTYPE WHICH IS THE OBSERVABLE / PHYSICAL TRAITS.
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| show | A TEST CROSS IS A WAY TO DETERMINE THE GENOTYPE OF AN ORGANISM.
UNKNOWN PARENT:
*heterzygous or homosygous dominant
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| show | cross an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of a known genotype
* usually crossed with an individual that is homosygous recessive.
The pattern of observable phenotypes can help determine the unknown of genotype of the parent.
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| Possible results of Test Cross -back Crosses If any off spring show the recessive trait, the parent of the unknown genotype must be? | show 🗑
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| show | The test cross will show 50% dominant trait 50% will show recessive trait (1:1) ratio
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| what is the definition of Karyotype | show 🗑
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| show | Autosomal Chromosomes
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| show | 23 pairs
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| show | 2
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| show | XX
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| what are the sex chromosomes for a male | show 🗑
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| show | X
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| show | the sex of the child
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| show | female
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| show | male
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| show | 50%
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| Why dont Genetic ratios appear in human situations | show 🗑
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| show | Incomplete Dominance is characterized by blending. In some living things, characteristics can be neither dominant nor recessive.
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| show | Blending, and incomplete dominance and codominance.
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| show | Blending
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| show | it has the appearance of a third Phenotype
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| The third Phenotype is what | show 🗑
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| show | designated by Capital Letters ( two different capital letters)
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| show | Three
*2 pure nd 1 in-between hybrid.
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| show | you can produce blue chickens
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| Black and white chickens can produce blue chickens true or false | show 🗑
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| mating blue chickens (f1generation produces) what | show 🗑
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| what is codominance | show 🗑
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| Examples of Codominance in = dominant allele for black/ yellow Calico Cats B= dominant allele for the black (black fur) Y=recessive allele for the yellow (yellow fur) | show 🗑
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| Inactive alleles on condenced Chromosomes is called what | show 🗑
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| show | functional
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| show | TRUE
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| How many different blood groups are there? | show 🗑
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| Name the 3 different blood groups | show 🗑
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| show | Homozygous MN
Homozygous NM
Hybrid MN where both alleles are equally expressed.
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| show | sex linked
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| show | Normal- which means they dont contain an X Chromosome with the gene.
Carrier only contain one X chromosome with the gene
Abnormal contain both X Chromosomes with the gene and has the sex linked genetic disorder
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| show | do not contain an X Chromosome with the gene
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| In sex link disorders in females if you are a Carrier what does this mean | show 🗑
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| In sex link disorders in females if you are abnormal what does that mean | show 🗑
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| show | Normal or Abnormal
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| show | NO
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| Can a son inherit a sex-linked trait from thier father | show 🗑
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| show | because the son only inherits only the Y chromosome from the father.
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| If a male inherits the gene, he will express it. | show 🗑
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| It is less likely that a female will be abnormal why | show 🗑
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| show | is a recessive mutated gene on X chromosome
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| show | it is where individuals are unable to distinguish color
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| show | this effects the sensitivity of the cones in the eye (receptors for color in the eyes)
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| when looking at the ability to see color or not what does XB stand for what does Xb stand for | show 🗑
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| show | female with normal vision
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| show | Carrier female with normal color vision
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| show | male with normal color vision
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| XbY stands for | show 🗑
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| Males only have one X Chromosome and cannot be carriers of colorblindness true or false | show 🗑
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| show | a clotting disorder
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| show | the abilty to clump and stop bleeding.
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| show | caused by the absence of one or more protein necessary for normal blood clotting.
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| show |
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| show | it is when muscle tissue breakdown due to inactive form of protein needed for proper muscle function.
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| show |
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| show | Weakening or loss of muscle tissue
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| Multiple Alleles define it | show 🗑
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| WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A MULTIPLE ALLELE | show 🗑
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| show | AN ANTIGEN IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN RESPOND TO
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| WHAT ARE THE ANTIGENS IN BLOOD GROUPS | show 🗑
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| show | INDIVIDUAL BLOOD TYPES
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| show | ANTIBODIES ARE PROTEINS WITH CERTAIN SHAPES THAT RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO FOREIGH SUBSTANCES.
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| WHAT DOES ANTIBODIES ATTACK | show 🗑
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| WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED AS | show 🗑
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| show | THERE ARE 4 DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES
A,B, AB O
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| WHAT ARE THE 4 DIFFERNT BLOOD TYPES DETERMINED BY WHAT | show 🗑
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| show | THEY ARE CODOMINANT AND WRITTEN AS IA AND IB RESPECTIVELY
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| show | IMMUNOGLOBULIN
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| show | THEY ARE EXPRESSED EQUALLY
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| WHAT IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF AB | show 🗑
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| RECESSIVE GENE BLOOD TYPE O IS WRITTEN AS ? | show 🗑
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| IF YOU HAVE TYPE A BLOOD TYPE WHAT TYPE OF ERYTHROCYTES AND ANTIBODIES DO YOU HAVE | show 🗑
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| show | WHEN YOU HAVE SEVERAL GENES CONTROL A SINGLE CHARACTERISTIC EX. SKIN COLOR HAIR COLOR AND HEIGHT RESULT FROM A BLENDING OF SEPARATE GENES.
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| WHAT DOES SKIN COLOR RESULT FROM | show 🗑
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| INTERACTION OF ENVIRNMENT AND GENETIC EXPRESSION | show 🗑
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| AT FERTILIZATION THE MAKEUP OF AN ORGANISM DETERMINES WHAT | show 🗑
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| show | EXTERNAL ENVIRNMENT
INTERNAL: ENVIRNMENT
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| show | TEMPERATURE
NUTRITION
CHEMICALS
LIGHT
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
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| show | ARTIC FOXES AND SIAMESE CATS
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS EXPRESSION OF COAT COLOR
THIS IS DONE TO BLEND INTO THEIR SURROUNDINGS.
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| EXTERNAL ENVIRNMENT EXAMPLE FRUIT FIES | show 🗑
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| THE PH OF THE SOIL CHANGES THE COLOR OF HYDRANGEA PLANT | show 🗑
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| External Envirnment Light affects the skin | show 🗑
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| what does the sun emit that is damaging to the skin | show 🗑
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| show | UVA Rays
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| what rays affect the genetic makeup of the epidermis which causes the damage that may lead to skin cancer? | show 🗑
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| what Rays affect the production of Melanin | show 🗑
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| show |
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| True or False If plants lack sun exposure they will loose their green color | show 🗑
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| show | effects from the external envirnment.
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| Internal envirnment of males and females are different why | show 🗑
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| Inheritiance can be influenced by the sex of the individual carrying the traits. | show 🗑
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| Inheritance is not a sex- linked trait. it is a sex- influcenced trait. example is Baldness. | show 🗑
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| show | Thomas Hunt Morgan
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| show | Fruit Flies
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| show | Drosophilia Melanogaster
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| show | their traits are easily visable
Short reproductive cycle
many offspring are produced per generation
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| How many chromosomes are there in a fruit fly | show 🗑
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| how many pairs of autosomes are in the 8 chromosomes | show 🗑
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| how many pairs of sex chromosomes are in the 8 chromosomes in a fruit fly | show 🗑
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| show | humans
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| show | Crossed the white- eyed male with a homozygous red eyed female
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| in the experiment that Morgan crossed the white eyed with a red eyed female what was the F1 generation = | show 🗑
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| if all the F1 generation where red eyes what did this indicate about the white eyed trait. | show 🗑
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| show | 3:1 ratio of red eyes to white eyes.
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| Morgan did see the 3:1 ratio except the trait of the white eyes only appeared in what | show 🗑
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| show | He found that half of all the females= white eyes
half of all the males = white eyes
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| show | the allele for the eye color is carried on the x chromosome and the Y chromosome has no corresponding allele for eye color.
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| show | X-linked trait (sex linked)
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| Thomas Hunt Morgan- Linked Genes what is a linked gene | show 🗑
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| show | inherited together.
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| Linked genes travel together and are inherited together | show 🗑
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| show | Crossing over between homologous chromosomes.
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| what does crossing over add | show 🗑
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| show |
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| define Crossing Over | show 🗑
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| show | they are assesed by Karotypes
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| Chromosomal Mutations are different than gene mutations | show 🗑
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| show | Gene mutations are caused by a change in the DNA sequence.
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| show | when chromosomes fail to separate.
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| what is Aneuploidy | show 🗑
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| show | Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21
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| Define Polyploidy | show 🗑
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| when does Polyploidy occur | show 🗑
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| show | In Plants
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| what is Polyploidy responsible for | show 🗑
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| show |
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| what is the name of a toxic chemical that can induce Polyploidy in plants | show 🗑
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| How does the Colchinine work | show 🗑
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| Polyploidy prevents the microtubule formation during cell divisionso the chormosomes do not pull apart. | show 🗑
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| show | nondisjunction
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| show | when a fragment of a chromosome is deleted.
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| show |
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| what happens after deletion | show 🗑
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| show | the chromosomes is shorter and missing genes.
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| Inversion define it | show 🗑
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| the break can occur above or below the centromere or include the centromere. | show 🗑
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| show | Translocation is a fragment of a chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome
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| balanced translocation | show 🗑
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| show | when a childe inherits a chromosome with extra or missing material from a parent with a balanced translocation.
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| Insertion - frameshift define insertion | show 🗑
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| show | shifting all of the nucleotide base pairs to the right
this has an effect on all subsequent aminoacids.
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| show | the size shape and number of chromosomes
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| Karotype is photographed in what phase of mitosis | show 🗑
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| show | Determines Sex- XX-XY
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| show | it is a family tree that shows how a trait is transmitted/ inherited through generations.
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| Males pedigree is | show 🗑
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| female pedigree is | show 🗑
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| not shaded means | show 🗑
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| show | person is a carrier (only one allele)
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| show | person expresses the trait (two alleles)
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| show | Colorblindness
hemophilia
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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| show | Huntingon Disease
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| Autosomal recessive Genetic Disorders | show 🗑
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| show | Down Syndrome
Klinefelters syndrome
Turner Syndrome
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| show | results from a point mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin
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| show | the red blood cells to sickle when available
Low oxygen
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| Malaria is a common what | show 🗑
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| Malaria is what | show 🗑
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| what is PKU Phenylketonuria | show 🗑
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| PKU is an inherited disease that must be passed on by | show 🗑
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| show | this requires a strict diet
harmful to the nervous system and can cause brain damage.
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| show | autosomal recessive
onset is early in life
common in jewish people
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| define Tay- Sachs | show 🗑
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| show | the enzyme is Lipase is missing.
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| Lipids accumulate in Brain Cells what does this result in | show 🗑
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| what is Cystic Fibrosis | show 🗑
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| 1/25 Caucasians are Carriers of what? | show 🗑
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| define what cystic fibrosis | show 🗑
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| Mis folded proteins result. CFTR protein is a required part of the chloride ion channel in the lungs | show 🗑
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| show | thick mucus builds up in the lungs, digestive tract and other organs.
this becomes the breeding grounds for bacteria.
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| show | Autosomal Dominant
onset is usually middle aged
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| show | Degenerate disease of the nervous system
results in uncontrollable movements
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| show | 47
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| show | Non disjunction
Chromosomes fail to separate during meosis
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| Trisomy-21 an extra chromosome 21 | show 🗑
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| Characteristics Distinct facial features | show 🗑
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| Turners Syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | NonDisjuction.
chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis leaving one egg/sperm with no Chromosome.
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| show | XO
in the majority of the cases the x-Chromosome is
donated from the mother.Non disjunction in the sperm
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| show | aminocentisis or Chorionic Villus Sampling during pregnancy.
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| show | 47
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| show | Non disjunction
Extra sex chromosomes XXY total of 3 Chromosomes
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| show |
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| show |
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| In Klinefelters Syndrome Male have genitalia with abnormally SMALL TESTES. | show 🗑
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| define Chorionic Villus Sampling | show 🗑
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| Fetoscopy | show 🗑
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| show | WEEK 18 OF PREGNANCY
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| WHY IS THE FETOSCOPY DONE | show 🗑
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| show |
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| show |
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| SELECTIVE BREEDING DEFINE IT | show 🗑
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| SELECTIVE BREEDING ALLOWS | show 🗑
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| HIGH CROPS YIELD RESISTANCE TO DISEASE, HIGH GROWTH RATE | show 🗑
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| OUT BREEDING IS THE MATING OF TWO ANIMALS OR PLANTS THAT HAVE NON DIRECT RELATIONS TO ONE ANOTHER. | show 🗑
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| show |
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| pOLYPLOIDY | show 🗑
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| cOLCHICINE | show 🗑
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