The Endocrine System
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| mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to____ | cortisol
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| how do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? | by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
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| hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because___ | during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
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| chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called___ | hormones
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| sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ___ | down-regulation
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| adh____ | is inhibited by alcohol
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| the neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because___ | it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from hypothalamus for release
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| cellular responses to hormones that initiate second messenger systems include___ | possible activation of several different second messenger systems
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| which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? | epinephrine
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| the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presene of a hormone is dependent on ____ | the prescence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
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| several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the___ | hypophyseal portal system
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| thyroid hormone exerts its influence by____ | entering some cells and binding to the intracellular receptors within the nuclei
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| ACTH____ | secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
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| gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of____ | cortisol
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| the second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by___ | binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
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| which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? | the heart
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| One of the least complicated of the endocrine systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? | humoral stimulation
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| which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? | parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
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| cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor nad kinase activation. In order for cells to respond it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicateThis is possible because | G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
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| what ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid based hormones? | calcium
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| which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? | all of these are signs (polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia)
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| eicosanoids do not include___ | hydrocortisones
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| a man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormones (fsh) and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem | FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
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| virtually all of the protein or amino acid based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ___ | second messengers
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| Gonadocorticoids____ | production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonadsduring late puberty.
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| when it becomes necessary to enlist the fight or flight response a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation of syndrome is___ | epinephrine
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| normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ___ | thymus gland
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| the parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. this is accomplished through__ | targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
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| the most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is___ | aldosterone
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| leptin is secreted by___ | adipocytes
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| regulating hormones from hypothalamus____ | first enger into the hypophyseal portal system
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| the major targets of growth hormone are___ | bones and skeletal muscles
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| oxytocin___ | release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
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| thyroid hormone )a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ___ | steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
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| which organ does not have hormone production? | liver
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| aldosterone____ | functions to increase sodium reabsorption
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| which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? | direct control of the nervous system
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| which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? | type of hormone
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| thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? | it does not require a second messenger to effect a response
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| which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? | a hormone receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
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| which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? | enzyme
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| the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract ___ | is partly contained within the infundibulum
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| steroid hormones exert their action by___ | entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
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| which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? | liver
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| the only amine hormone to act like a steroid is___ | TH
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| in circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as | up regulation
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