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The result of those processes whereby the body takes in and uses food for growth, development, and maintenance of health is

nutrition

🗑

Nutritional status is deteremined by

diet

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To nourish the body adequately, one must

eat foods containing the six classes of nutrients

🗑

Nutrients used primarily to provide energy to the body are

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

🗑

Nutrients used mainly to build and repair body tissues are

proteins, vitamins, and minerals

🗑

Foods such as potato chips, cakes, sodas, and candy are called

low-nutrient-density foods

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An inadequate intake of the six classes of nutrients in the diet may result in

malnutrition

🗑

The cumulative effect of a high-fat diet could be

heart disease

🗑

Malnutrition could be caused by

disease

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A cumulative condition is one that develops

over several years

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Nutritional status can affect the body's ability to

resist disease

🗑

Infants, young children, adolescents, pregnant adolescents, and the elderly are among those prone to

malnutrition

🗑

Organic nutrients are substances containing

a carbon atom

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Which of the following would be an organic nutrient?

fat, water, calcium, selenium? fat

🗑

Hunger is a __________ response to the body

physiological

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Food customs means one's food ______

habit

🗑

Food customs may be based on

religion or nationality

🗑

Moving to a new environment or experiencing a change in salary usually influences

established food habits

🗑

a balanced diet is one that includes

all six classes of nutrients

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Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of

vitamins

🗑

Teenagers should have a serving of milk (or its substitude)

three times a day

🗑

Breads, cereals, rice, and pasta are rich sources of

carbohydrates

🗑

Milk and its products are the best dietary source of

protein and fats, calcium, and carbohydrates

🗑

Daily intake from the meat group should be ___ oz

5 1/2

🗑

Foods from the meat group are rich sources of

proteins

🗑

Excessive amounts of salt in the diet are thought to contribute to

hypertension

🗑

The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 requires that

descriptive words used for foods be standardized

🗑

Foods rich in complex carbohydrates, such as breads and cereals, are also excellent sources of

dietary fiber and B vitamins

🗑

When choosing foods from the meats, poultry, and fish food group, one should be careful to select foods that are low in

saturated fats and cholesterol

🗑

The two vitamins that the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 requires be includes as amounts per serving on food labels are

vitamins A and C

🗑

Immoderate use of alcoholic beverages by pregnant women can cause

birth defects

🗑

Digestion begins in the

mouth

🗑

Most of the digestive processes occur in the

small intestine

🗑

The small intestine is divided into three segments. They are, in descending order,

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

🗑

The fluid mixture that moves from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter is called

chyme

🗑

A muscular movement that moves food down the I tract is called

peristalsis

🗑

They pyloric sphincter is between the

stomach and duodenum

🗑

Maltase, sucrase, and lactase are produced in the

small intestine

🗑

Bile is needed to digest

fats

🗑

When energy intake is greater than energy output, the body weight will

increase

🗑

The three main groups of carbohydrates are

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

🗑

Galactose is a product of the digestion of

milk

🗑

The simple sugar to which all forms of carbohydrates are ultimately converted is

glucose

🗑

A fibrous form of carbohydrate that cannot be digested is

cellulose

🗑

Glycogen is stored in the

liver and muscles

🗑

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are

monosaccharides

🗑

Before carbohydrates can be metabolized by the cells, they must be converted to

glucose

🗑

The only form of carbohydrate that the brain uses for energy is

glucose

🗑

The substance that helps the liver convert glycogen to glucose is

glucagen

🗑

Starch is the form in shich glucose is stored in

plants

🗑

The enzyme in the mouth that begins the digestion of starch is

salivary amylase

🗑

Cellulose is not digestible by

humans

🗑

Carbohydrates should provide approximately

half of the calories in the U.S. diet

🗑

Glucose metabolism is controlled mainly by the hormone

insulin

🗑

What are the functions of fat?

provides: energy, carry essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, protection to organs and bones, insulation from cold, satiety

🗑

Fats are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are found in both animal and plant foods

🗑

Digestion of fat occurs mainly in the

small intestine

🗑

An excess of fat in the diet can result in

obesity and possibly heart disease or cancer

🗑

Carbohydrate is the major source of

energy

🗑

Carbohydrate is composed of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

🗑

One gram of carbohydrate provides

4 calories

🗑

One gram of fat provides

9 calories

🗑

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the

mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine

🗑

Fats provide the most concentrated form of

energy

🗑

Adipose tissue is useful because it

protects and insulates

🗑

Atherosclerosis is thought to increase the risk of

heart attacks

🗑

A diet grossly deficient in fats may be deficient in

linoleic acid

🗑

Invisible fats can be found in

cake and cookies

🗑

Plant foods that contain saturated fats are

coconut and chocolate

🗑

When a polyunsaturated vegetable oil is chaned to a saturated fat, the process is called

hydrogenation

🗑

Linoleic acid is one of the fatty acids that is known to be

essential to the human diet

🗑

Cholesterol is thught to contribute to

atherosclerosis

🗑

another name for fats is

lipids

🗑

Three groups of lipids found naturally in the human body and in food are triglycerides, phospholipids, and

sterol

🗑

What are the three group of lipids found naturally in the human body and in food

triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

🗑

Fatty acids are organic compounds of carbon atoms and

hydrogen atoms

🗑

Cholesterol is a

sterol

🗑

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is sometimes called

good cholesterol

🗑

For digestion, fats require the help of gastric lipase,

bile, and pancreatic lipase

🗑

the building block of proteins are

amino acids

🗑

Proteins are essential because they are the only nutrient that contains

nitrogen

🗑

Corn, peas, and beans are incomplete

protein foods

🗑

Protein deficiency may result in

edema

🗑

Good sources of complete protein foods are

eggs and ground beef

🗑

One gram of protein provides

4 calories

🗑

Complete proteins contain all the essential

amino acids

🗑

the primary function of protein is to

build and repair body cells

🗑

Once proteins reach the small intestine, chemical digestion continues through the action of

pancreatic enzymes

🗑

It is unwise to regularly ingest excessive amount of protein because it can contribute to

heart disease

🗑

What are fat soluble vitamins?

vitamins A, D, E, and K

🗑

What are water soluble vitamins?

vitamins B complex and vitamin C

🗑

The daily vitamin requirement is best supplied by

eating a well-balanced diet

🗑

Fat-soluble vitamins are slower than water-soluble vitamins to exhibit

deficiencies

🗑

Night blindness is caused by a deficiency of

vitamin A

🗑

Good sourcees of thiamine include

wheat germ and liver

🗑

Water-soluble vitamins include

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12

🗑

Injections of B12 are given to the treatment of

pernicious anemia

🗑

Blindness can result from a severe lack of

vitamin A

🗑

Organ meats are good sources of vitamins

thiamin, riboflavin, B12

🗑

Irradiated milk is a good source of

vitamin D

🗑

Good sources of vitamin C are

citrus fruits

🗑

The vitaminthat aids in the prevention of rickets is

vitamin D

🗑

The vitamin that is necessary for the proper clotting of the blood is

vitamin K

🗑

Vitamins commonly added to breads and cereals are

thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folate

🗑

The vitamin known to prevent scurvy is

vitamin C

🗑

Minerals are inorganic elements that help to

build and repair tissues

🗑

The trace minerals in the human body are defined as

those essential minerals found in very small amounts

🗑

Calcium is necessary for

healthy bones and teeth

🗑

Phosphorus is found in

poultry

🗑

The coloring matter of the blood is

hemolobin

🗑

Some of the common sins of iron deficiency anemia are

fatigue and weakness

🗑

Iodine is essential to health because it

affects the rate of metabolism

🗑

Sodium is often restricted in cardiovascular conditions because it contributes to

edema

🗑

Iron is known to be a necessary component of

hemoglobin

🗑

Liquid from cookin vegetables should be used to preparing other dishes because

mineral salts are soluble in water

🗑

Goiter can result from a deficiency of

iodine

🗑

a deficiency of calcium can cause

tetany

🗑

Sodium is especially important in

osmosis

🗑

Sulfur is found in all

body cells

🗑

Hypokalemia is caused by

potassium deficiency

🗑

Are minerals organic or inorganic?

inorganic (non-carbon-containing)element htat is necessary for the body to build tissues, regulate body fluid, they contribute to the production of energy

🗑

What are major and trace minerals?

major minerals require in amounts greater than 100 mg a day and the trace minerals, which are needed in amounts smaller than 100 mg a day

🗑

The DRI for sodium is

1,500 mg, or 3,800 mg of salt

🗑

What are the functions of water?

componenet of tissues providing structure and form, solvant for nutrients and waste, and nutrients, lubricant of joints and in digestion, regulate body temp by evaporation of perspiration, shock absorber

🗑

Fluid within the cells is called

intracellular fluid

🗑

Intravascular fluid contains

extracellular fluid

🗑

In a mixture of sugar and water, water is the

solvent

🗑

Water is essential for

hydrolysis

🗑

The solute in the extracellular fluid principally responsible for maintaining fluid balance is

sodium

🗑

The solute in the intracellular fluid principally responsible for maintaining fluid balance is

potassium

🗑

ADH causes the kidneys to

reabsorb water

🗑

The amount of water needed by individuals varies from

day to day

🗑

Positive water balance may cause

edema

🗑

A microorganism is a

tiny animal or plant

🗑

Salmonella bacteria are destroyed by heating foods to 140F for a minimum of

10 minutes

🗑

Someone who is capable of spreading an infectious organism but is not sick is called a

carrier

🗑

When an organism is infectious, it is

disease-causing

🗑

Most cases of food poisoning in the United States are caused by

careless handling of food in the kitchen

🗑

Food poisoning symptoms generally include

abdominal upset and headache

🗑

Salmonella infections amd stapylococcal poisoning are caused by

bacteria

🗑

The deadliest of the bacterial food poisoning is

botulism

🗑

The disease caused by a parasite sometimes found in pork is

trichinosis

🗑

The disease caused by a protozan and characterized by severe diarrhea is

dysentery

🗑

oods may be contaminated by

people

🗑

The temperatures in the danger zone that encourage bacterial growth are from

40F to 140F

🗑

Leftover foods should be

put in the refrigerator immediately after meals

🗑

Frozen foods should be thawed

in the refrigerator

🗑

An adverse physical reaction to a food is called food

allergy

🗑

Substances that cause altered physical reactions are called

allergens

🗑

One of the typical symptoms of food allergies is

hives

🗑

The simplest treatment for a food allergy is

elimination of the allergen

🗑

In cases of food allergy, an elimination diet may be prescribed to

find the allergen

🗑

Some foods that frequently cause an allergic reaction are

milk, eggs, and wheat

🗑

The infant developing in the mother's uterus is called the

fetus

🗑

A common form of anemia is caused by a lack of

iron

🗑

High blood pressure, edema, and albumin in theurine are symptoms of pregnancy-induced

hypertension

🗑

a common name given nausea in early pregnancy is

morning sickness

🗑

Folate and vittamin B12 requirements increase during pregnancy because of their roles in

building blood

🗑

The average additional daily energy requirement for the pregnant women during the last two trimesters is

300 calories

🗑

The additionalcalories required during pregnancy can be met by using an additional pint of

fat-free milk

🗑

Craving nonfood substances during pregnancy is known as

pica

🗑

During pregnancy, the average weight gain is

25-35 pounds

🗑

The period during which a mother nurses her baby is known as

lactation

🗑

Some appropriate substitutes for milk include

cheese and custard

🗑

The RDA/DRI for additional calories for a nursing mother is

500 calories

🗑

The daily diet during pregnancy and lactation should be based on

MyPyramid

🗑

Appropriate snacks for pregnant and lactating women include

fruits and raw vegetables

🗑

The duration of a normal pregnancy is

38-40 weeks

🗑

The fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus is

amniotic fluid

🗑

During pregnancy, parenteral nutrition may be necessary for patients suffering from

hyperemesis gravidarum

🗑

Hearburn maybe preventd by

eating small, frequent meals

🗑

Pregnancy-induced hypertension may occur when diets containing unsufficient

protein

🗑

Gestational diabetes usually disappears after

the baby is born

🗑

Maternal malnutrition can lead to developmental or

mental regardation of the baby

🗑

The need for iron increases during pregnancy because of

the increase blood volume

🗑

Nutrient-dense foods provide substantial amounts of

vitamins, minerals, and proteins

🗑

Excessive vitamin A should be avoided during pregnancy because if may cause

birth defect

🗑

Gerontology is of increasing interest bacause it is the branch of medicine involved with

disease of older people

🗑

After the age of 51, nutrient requirement generally

remain unchanged

🗑

After the age of 51, calorie requirments generally

decrease

🗑

The iron requirement for women after the age of approximately 51 generally

decreases

🗑

As the metabolic rate slows with age, the calorie requirement is

decreased

🗑

Osteoporosis is a disease that causes

bones to become porous

🗑

Arthritis is a disease that causes

joints to become painful and stiff

🗑

Hypertension is related to diets high in

salt

🗑

Diets high in cholesterol content are thought to contribute to

heart disease

🗑

The general types of foods that should be limited in the low-calorie diet are

fatty foods

🗑

The low-calorie diet may be prescribed for

obesity

🗑

A proper weight reduction plan allows for loss of

1 to 2 pounds per week

🗑

Popular crash diets are potentially

hazardous

🗑

Normal weight may be greater than the amounts indicated on the

weight charts

🗑

The most common cause of overweight is

energy imbalance

🗑

The dysfunction of the thyroid gland in which the basal metabolic rate is lowered and the need for calories is reduced is called

hypothyroidism

🗑

The dysfunction of the thyroid gland in which the basal metabolic rate is raised and the need for calories is increased is called

hyperthyroidism

🗑

To lose 2 pounds per week, one must reduce weekly calories by

7,000

🗑

To lose 1 pound per week, one must reduce weekly calories by

3,500

🗑

The key to losing weight and maintaining the reduced weight is

changing eating habits

🗑

Strawberries, low-fat yogurt, poached egg, and whole wheat toast would be allowed on what type of diet?

calorie-restricted diet

🗑

Baking, roasting, broiling, boiling, and poaching are recommended for

both high and low-calorie diets

🗑

Fad diets are not recommended as reducing diets because they do not alter

eating habits

🗑

Someone on a weight reduction diet with the goal of losing 80 pounds should not weigh himself

daily

🗑

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which glucose

accumulates in the blood

🗑

The metabolism of glucose depends on insulin secreted by the

islets of Langerhans

🗑

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is treated by the

administration of insulin

🗑

The physician may recommend as part of the nutritional management of diabetes that the diet contain

15% to 20% proteins

🗑

Diets based on the exchange lists are appropriate for clients with

type 1 diabetes

🗑

When an excessive amount of glucose accumulates in the blood, the condition

leads to glycosuria

🗑

Diabetic coma is caused by

inadequate insulin

🗑

Type 2 diabetes usually occurs afterh the age of

🗑

Glucose-lowering medications have exactly the same effect as

insulin

🗑

Diabetic diets based on the exchange lists regulate amounts of

carbohydrate, calories, protein, and fat

🗑

Sodium adds

flavor to foods

🗑

Sodium is commonly found in

baking soda and baking powder

🗑

A client with angina pectoris might be advised to follow a diet in which

saturated fats are limited

🗑

Herbs, spices, and flavorings may be used in

sodium-restricted diet

🗑

A sodium-restricted diet may be ordered for clients with

congestive heart failure

🗑

When water accumulates in body tissue the condition is called

edema

🗑

It is thought that excessive fats in the blood over time contribute to

congestive heart failure

🗑

Table salt is over 40%

sodium

🗑

In a low-cholesterol diet fat-free milk is used instead of

whole milk

🗑

Cholesterol is found in

food and in body tissue

🗑

When preparing foods for the low-fat diet, visible fats must be removed from

meats

🗑

On the low-cholesterol diet, saturated fat are

reduced

🗑

Saturated fats are usually solid at

room temperature

🗑

Polyunsaturated fats are usually liquid at

room temperature

🗑

When the heart muscle reacts with pain because of inadequate blood supply after activity, the condition is called

angina pectoris

🗑

Some examples of blood lipids are

triglycerides

🗑

Examples of foods particularly rich in potassium are

bananas and oranges

🗑

The kidneys maintian the body's

acid-base balance, electrolyte balance, and fluid balance

🗑

The specialized part within each nephron that actually filters the blood is called

glomerulus

🗑

Kidney disorders may be caused by

diabetes, infections, and burns

🗑

When renal tissue has been destroyed to a point at which it can no longer filter the blood, the following occurs:

uremia

🗑

The general term referring to the inflammatory diseases of the kidneys is

nephritis

🗑

The term referring to the hardening of renal arteries is

nephrosclerosis

🗑

The rare hereditary disease causing cysts to develop on the kidneys is called

polycystic kidney disease

🗑

The condition in which stones develop in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder is called

nephrolithiasis

🗑

Because its nitrogenous wastes contribute to uremia, the following nutrient may be restricted in diets of renal clients:

protein

🗑

Kidney dialysis is a means of

removing toxic substances from the blood

🗑

Sodium and water may be restricted in the diets of renal clients because they

contribute to fluid retention

🗑

If osteomalacia occurs in renal clients, the following nutrient may be prescribed:

calcium

🗑

In a case of hyperkalemia, the following nutrients may be restricted:

potassium

🗑

Fruits are an especially rich source of

potassium

🗑

The vitamins renal clients may have an increased need for are

vitamins B, C, and D

🗑

An excess of the following nutrient can compound bone loss in renal clients:

phosphorus

🗑

Purine,rich foods include

meats

🗑

An example of nitrogenous waste found in the urin is

urea

🗑

Dyspepsia may be an indication of serious

gastrointestinal disturbance

🗑

Hiatal hernia clients may be more comfortable with

small, frequent meals

🗑

Peptic ulcers can occur in the

stomach or the duodenum

🗑

Protein foods may be somewhat restricted in cases of peptic ulcers because they

stimulate gastric acid secretions

🗑

Diverticulosis may be prevented with a

high-fiber diet

🗑

Food residue is ultimately evacuated in the

feces

🗑

Large amounts of food residue cause an increase in

fecal mater

🗑

The following would be recommended for the high-fiber diet:

bran cereal

🗑

The following would be allowed on a low-residue diet:

macaroni and cheese

🗑

Ulcerative colitis clients may be

malnourished

🗑

The following foods would be recommended for an ulcerative colitis client, provided the client tolerates milk:

cream of tomato soup with crackers

🗑

The liver converts

glucose to glycogen

🗑

Cirrhosis is a

liver disease characterized by cell loss

🗑

Ascites is an

accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

🗑

Hepatitis may be caused by

viruses or toxic agents

🗑

Gallbladder problems may require

cholecystectomy

🗑

Inflammation of the pancreas is called

pancreatitis

🗑

Cancer growth called a tumor can also be called a

neoplasm

🗑

Carcinogens may include

viruses

🗑

Carcinogens include some

chemical substances

🗑

Cancer clients may suffer from

cachexia

🗑

Radiation and chemotherapy may create food

aversions

🗑

It is thought that cancer may be caused by frequent ingestion of

smoked meat over a long period

🗑

High-fat diets have been associated with

breast and prostate cancer

🗑

Phytochemicals are abundantly supplied in

fruits and vegetables

🗑

High intakes of soy foods are associated with

decreased risk of breast and colon cancer

🗑

Cachexia is the result of

continued anorexia and weight loss

🗑

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