Biology Chapter 26

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The ____ ____ consists of all hormone-secreting cells and works with the nervous system in regulating body activities.

endocrine system

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The ____ _____ also communicates, regulates, and uses electrical signals via nerve cells.

nervous system

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Comparing the endocrine and nervous systems: the ____ system reacts faster. The responses of the ____ system last longer.

nervous and endocrine

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_____ are chemical signals, usually carried in the blood, cause specific changes in TARGET CELLS, secreted by ENDOCRINE GLANDS, NEUROSECRETORY CELLS.

hormones

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what are neurons whose neurotransmitters have been adapted to act as hormones.

neurosecretory cells

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Two major classes of molecules function as hormones in verterates: the first class includes HYDROPHILLIC (water soluble) ___ ____ ___ _____. among these are proteins, peptides, and amines.

amino acids derived hormones

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Two major classes of molecules function as hormones in verterates: The second class of hormones are ____ ____, which include small, HYDROPHOBIC molecules made from cholestrol.

steroid hormones

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Hormone signaling involves three key events: recetion, ___ ______, and response.

signal transduction

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An ___ ____ ___ ____ binds to plasma-membrane receptors on target cells and initiates a signal transduction pathway.

amino-acid-derived hormone

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a ____ ___ can diffuse through plasma membranes, bind to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and form a hormone-receptor complex that carries out the transduction of the hormonal signal.

steroid hormone

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some endocrine glands (such as the thyroid) primarily secrete hormones into the ____

blood

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other glads (such as the pancreas) have _____ and _____ functions. Other organs (such as the stomach) are primarily exocrine but have some cells that secrete hormones.

exocrine and endocrine functions

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The ____ blurs the distinction between endocrine and nervous systems. It receives input from nerves about body conditions. It responds by sending out appropriate nerbous or endocrine signals. It uses the pituitary gland to exert master contol over the end

hypothalamus

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The pituitary gland consists of two parts:

posterior pituitart and anterior pituitary

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2 parts of pituitary gland: first part composed of nervous tissue an dstores and secretes oxytocin and ADH

posterior pituitary

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2 parts of pituitary gland:second part synthesizes and secretes hormones that control the activity of other glands. its controlled by the hypothalamus.RELEASING HORMONES stimulate the anterior pituitary.INHIBITING HORMONES inhibit the anterior pituitarty

anterior pituitart

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The ___ ____ is located in the neck, just under the larynx (voice box).

thyroid gland

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The thyroid gland produces two similar hormones: ____ and _____. These hormones regulate many aspects of metabolism, reproduction, and development.

thyroxing (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

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Thyroid imbalance can cause disease: _____ results from too much T4 and T2 in the blood, and it leads to high blood pressure, loss of weight, overheating, and irritability, and produces Graves' disease.

hyperthyroidism

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Thyroid imbalance can cause disease: ____ results from too little T4 and T3 in the blood and it leads to low blood pressure, being overweight, and often feeling cold and lethargic.

hypothyroidism

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Iodine deficiency can produce a ____, an enlargement of the thyroid. In this condition, the thyroid gland cannot synthesize adequate amounts of T4 and T3 and enlarges.

goiter

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Blod calcium level is regulated by ___ ___ each working to oppose the actions of the other hormone:CALCITONIN,form the thyroid, lowers the calcium level in the bood,and PARATHYROID HORMONE,from the PARATHYROID GLANDS,raises the calcium level in the blood

antagonistic hormones

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The ____secretes two hormones that control blood glucose. 1) insulin which signals cells to use and store glucose. 2) glucagon which causes cells to release stored glucose into the blood.

pancreas

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____ affects about 8% of the US population and results from a lack of insulin or failure of cells to respond to insulin.

diabetes

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3 types of diabetes: autoimmune disease, insulin-producing cells destroyed.

type 1 (insulin-dependent)

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3 types of diabetes: caused by a reduced response to insulin, more than 90% of diabetics are this, associated with being overweight and underactive

type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)

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3 types of diabetes: can affect any pregnant woman and leads to dangerously large babies, which can complicate delivery.

gestational diabetes

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The endocrine system includes two ___ _____, sitting on top of each kidey.

adrenal glands

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Each adrenal gland is made of two glands fused together, the adrenal ____ and adrenal ____. Both glands secrete hormones that enable the body to respond to stress.

medula and cortex

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Nerve signals from the _____ stimulate the adrenal MEDULLA to secrete EPINEPHRINE (adrenaline) and NOREPINEPHRINE (noradrenaline. These hormones quickly trigger the 'fight or flight' responses, which are short-term responses to stress.

medulla

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ADRENOCORTICORTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) from the pituitart cases the adrenal _______ to secrete GLUCOCORTICOIDS and MINERALOCORTICOIDS. These hormones cause longterm responses to stress and boost blood pressure and boost energy in response to longterm stress

cortex

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Steroid sex hormones affect growth, affect development, and regulate _____ cycles and sexual behavior.

reproductive

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sex hormones include what 3 things?

estrogens, prgestins, and androgens

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what sex hormone maintains the female reproductive system and promote the development of female characteristics.

estrogens

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which sex hormone prepares and maintains the uterus to support a developing embryo (such as progesterone)

progestins

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which sex hormone stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system? such as testosterone

androgens

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The peptide hormone ______ (PRL) in humans stimulates mammary glands to grow and produce milk during late pregnancy. Suckling by a newborn stimulates further release of PRL. High PRL during nursing inhibits ovulation

prolactin

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PRL has many roles unrelated to childbirth: In some nonhuman mammals, PRL stimulates ____ _____

nest building

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PRL has many roles unrelated to childbirth: In birds, PRL regulates fat metabolism and _______.

reproduction

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PRL has many roles unrelated to childbirth: In amphibians, PRL stimulates movement to ______

water

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In fish that migrate between salt and fresh water, PRL helps regulate ____ and _____ balance.

salt and water

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_____ _____ include: mimic the action of hormones sucha s estrogen and associated with fiminized male alligators, bass with male and female characteristics, decrease in size and functioning of polar bear genitalia.

Endocrine disruptors

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Endocrine disruptors sources: household sewage, agricultural runoff and wastes from _____ chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Distribution: global including arctic and antarctic regions.

organic

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Created by: kc4eva2011