bio14
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| Transcription | copeies information from a dna sequence to a complementary rna sequence
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| Translation | converts RNA sequence to amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
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| RNA differs from dna by | 1 polynucleotide strand
sugar is ribose
uracil instead of thymine
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| bases of rna pair with a single strand of | DNA except adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine
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| single strand rna can fold into a | 3d shape by internal base pairing
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| messenger rna | carries a complementary copy of a dna sequence to site of protein synthesis at the ribosome
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| transfer rna | carries amino acids for polypeptide assembly
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| ribosomal rna | catalyzes peptide bonds and provides structure
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| information flows from | dna to rna to protein
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| messenger hypothesis | mrna forms as a complemetary copy of one dna strand in a gene
mrna travels from nucleus to cytoplams carrying info-codons
transcription-mrna copy is a transcript
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| adapter hypothesis | an adapter molecule that can bind amino acids and recognize a nucleotide sequence-trna
adapter molecule contains anticodons complementary to the codons in mRNA
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| continued | tRNA molecules carrying amino acids line up on mRNA in proper sequence from the polypeptide chain-translation
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| viruses | non cellular particles that reproduce inside cells may have rna instead of dna
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| viruses replicate by | transcribing from rna to rna and then makeing multiple copies by transcription
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| HIV is what type of virus | retrovirus
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| retrovirus | a copy of the viruses genome is encorporated into the hosts genome to make more rna
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| synthesis of dna from rna | reverse transcription
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| components needed for transcription | dna template- one of the two strands
a nucleoside triphosphate
rna polymerase enzyme
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| RNA polymerase | catalyze synthesis of RNA
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| RNA polymerases are processive- | a single enzyme template binding results in polymerization of hundreds of RNA bases
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| unlike dna polymerases, rna polymerases | do not need a primer and lack a proofreading function
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| 3 phases of transcription | initiation
elongation
termination
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| initiation requires a | promoter
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| RNA polymerase binds to the | promoter
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| promoter tells RNA polymerase | where to start and which strand of dna to transcribe
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| part of each promoter is | the initiation site
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| rna polymerase unwinds | dna about ten base pairs at a time and reads it in the 3' to 5' direction
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| the rna transcript is | antiparallel to the dna template strand and adds nucleotides to the 3' end
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| rna polymerases do not | proofread and correct mistakes
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| termination is specified by | a specific dna base sequence
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| termination happens by | for some genes it the transcript falls away from the DNA template and RNA polymerase. for others a helper protein pulls it away
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| genetic code | specifies which amino acid will be used to build a protein
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| codon | a sequence of three bases- each codon specifies a specific amino acid
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| start codon | AUG- start translation
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| stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA- stop translation and polypeptide is released
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| there are a total of how many codons | 64
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| who used artificial polynucleotides to figure out codon sequences | Nirenburg and matthei- led to the identification of the first three codons
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| the genetic code is redundant | for most amino acids there are more than one codon
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| they are not ambiguous | each codon has one amino acid
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| the genetic code is universal | the codons are the same in all organisms
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| except in | mitochondria and chloroplasts and in one group of protists
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| during transcription and translation in eukaryotes | the nucleus splits
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| transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes | happen at the same time
in the nucleus then the cytoplasm
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| gene structure of eukaryotes and prokaryotes | sequence read in the same order as the amino acid sequence. noncoding introns with coding sequence
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| modifications of mRNA before translation but after transcription | introns are spliced out. 5' cap and 3' poly A tail is added- eukaryotes
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| each eukaryotic gene has one | promoter to which RNA polymerase binds to
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| at the other end is the | terminator to signal the end of transcription
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| noncoding sequence | introns
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| coding sequence | exons
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| primary mRNA script | pre mRNA
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| what happens there | introns are removed from the final mRNA
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| introns _______________ the dna sequence that encodes a polypeptide | interupt but dont scramble
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| the separated exons code for | different domains (functional regions) of the protein
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| G cap is added to the | 5' end - facilitates mRNA binding to the ribosome
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| G cap protects mRNA | from being digested from being digested by ribonucleases
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| poly A tail is added at the | 3' end
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| _____ is the code at the last codon for the enzyme to cut the pre mRNA. Another enzyme comes in and adds 100s of adenine which is the ____ | AAUAA, tail
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| poly A tail role | assist in export from nucleus. stability of mRNA
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| RNA splicing | removes introns and brings exons together
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| newly transcribed mRNA is bound together by | snRNPs
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| consensus sequence | short sequences between exon and intron. snRNPs bind here and near the 3' end of the intron
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| spliceosome | cuts pre mRNA, releases introns, splices exons together to produce mature mRNA
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| beta thelassemia | mutaion may occur in which the sequence is not spliced correctly
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| mature mRNA leaves the nucleus through | nuclear pores
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| TAP protein | binds to the 5' end. then lead the way through the pores while the immature mRNA stay in the nucleus
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| tRNA | links information in the mRNA codons with specific amino aacids
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| for each amino acid there is a | spccific type or species of tRNA
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| two events must occur to ensure that the protein made is specified by the mRNA | tRNA must read mRNA correctly
rRNA must deliveramino acids to each corrusponding
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| 3 functions of tRNA | binds to an amino acid then it is charged
associates with mRNA molecules
interacts with ribosomes
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| 3d shape of tRNA is from | base pairing within the molecule
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| 3' end is where the | amino acids attach and bind covalenly
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| 3d shape of tRNA is from | base pairing within the molecule
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| 3' end is where the | amino acids attach and bind covalenly
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| anticodon | middle of tRNA, site of base pairing with mRNA
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| wobble | the specificity of the base by the 3' end is not always observed which is why they have the same name
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| wobble allows | cells to produce fewer tRNA species but not allow the code to be ambiguous
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| amino-acetly synthases | activating enzyme charges tRNA with the correct amino acid
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| second genetic code | each enzyme is highly specific to one amino acid and its corresponding tRNA
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| amino-acetly synthases | activating enzyme charges tRNA with the correct amino acid
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| amino-acetly synthases | activating enzyme charges tRNA with the correct amino acid
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| second genetic code | each enzyme is highly specific to one amino acid and its corresponding tRNA
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| enzymes have three part active site | they bind a specific amino acid, a tRNA, ATP
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| experiment by benzeme | protein synthase machinery recognizes the anticodon, not the amino acid
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| ribosome | holds mRNA and tRNA together to allow assembly of the polypeptide chain
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| ribosomes can meke | any type of protein
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| ribosomes have ___ subunits | two- large and small
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| the large subunits have | 3 tRNA molecules rRNA molecules and 49 different proteins
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| the small subunit has | one rRNA molecule and 33 proteins
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| ribosomal subunits are held together by | ionic and hydrophobic forces
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| when not active in translation, the subunits | exist separately
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| large subunit has ___ binding sites | 3, A, P, E
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| A | amino acid site binds with anticodon of charged tRNA
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| P | polypeptide site where tRNA adds its amino acid to the growing chain
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| E | exit site where tRNA sits before being released from the ribosome
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| fidelity function | when proper binding occurs, hydrogen bonds form between base pairs
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| if hydrogen bonding doesnt occur | something is incorrect so the tRNA and codon are rejected
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| three steps of translation | initiation
elongation
termination
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| initiation | an initiation complex forms- tRNA and small ribosomal unit, both bound to mRNA
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| in prokaryotes | rRNA binds to mRNA recognition site from start codon
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| in eukaryotes | the small subunit binds to the 5' cap on the mRNA and moves until it reaches the start codon
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| start codon | AUG-
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| first amino acid | methionine
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| the large subunit joins the complex | the charged tRNA is in the P site of the large subunit
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| Elongation | the second charged tRNA enters the A site
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| large subunit catalyzes two reacion | it breaks bond between tRNA in P site and its amino acid. peptide bond forms between that amino acid and the amino acid in the A site
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| large subunit has petidyl transferase | ir rRNA is destroyed, all activity will stop
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| what supports the idea that catalyic RNA evolved before DNA | rRNA is the catalyst in peptidyl transferase activity
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| when the first tRNA releases its methionine | it moves to the E site and dissociates from the ribosome and can become charged again
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| elongation is assisted by | elongation factors
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| termination occurs | when the stop codon reaches the A site
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| stop codon binds to a | protein release factor- allows hydrolysis of bond between polypeptide chain and tRNA on p site
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| polypeptide chain separeates from | the amino acid and c terminus is the last amino acid added
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| what initiates transcription/ translation | promoter DNA, AUG in the mRNA
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| what terminates transcription/ translation | terminator DNA, UAA, UAG or UGA in mRNA
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| when several ribosomes work together to translate the same mRA | many copies are made
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| a strand of mRNA with associated ribosomes | polyribosome or polysome
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| post translational protein sythesis | the polypeptide emerges from the ribosome and forms a 3d shape
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| signal sequence indicates | where in the cell it belongs
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| amino acid sequence gives set of instruction to polypeptide | stop translation and go to the ER and sythesize there. Finish translation and send to an organelle
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| conformation of signal sequence allows | them to bind to specific proteins- docking proteins on outer membrane organelles
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| receptor forms a | channel that the protein passes through and may be unfolded at this time by chaperonins
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| a nuclear localizer | directs the polypeptide to the nucleus
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| if the nuclear signal was attached | the polypeptide went to the nucleus
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| if the protein is sent to the ER | signal sequence binds to the sgnal receptor particles before translation is done
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| ribosome attaches to | a receptor on the ER and the polypeptide chain either remains in the membrane or passes through a channels into the lumen
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| what removes signal sequence | an enzyme
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| if finished protein enters ER lumen, it recieves signals of two types | amino acid allows protein to stay in the ER. sugars are added or secreted
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| proteolysis | cutting off a long polypeptide chain into final products
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| glycoylation | addition of sugars to form glycoprotein
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| phosphorylation | addition on phosphate groups catlyzed by prtein kinesis. charged phosphate groups change conformation
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