Chapter 7 Development across the life span
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| The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death | Human development
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| Research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time | Longitudinal design
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| Research design in which several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time | Cross-sectional design
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| Research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-sectional design but are also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years | Cross-sequential design
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| The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions | Nature
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| The influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions | Nurture
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| Referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait | Dominant
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| Referring to a gene that influences the expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene | Recessive
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| In a _______ design, several different age-groups of participants are studied at one time. A. longitudinal B. Cross-sectional C. Cross-sequential D.Cross-Longitudinal | Cross-sectional
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| In the analogy of the twisted ladder, the sequence of amines would be represented by the _____ of the ladder. A. Sides B. Length C. Rungs D. Wood | Rungs
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| Brandon has blue eyes, even though both his mother and father have brown eyes. What do we know about Brandon's parents? | Each of his parents must have one recessive blue-eye-color gene
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| Which of the following is a disorder caused by having an extra chromosome? A. Tay-Sachs B. PKU C. Cystic fibrosis D. Down syndrome | Down syndrome
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| The female sex cell, or egg | Ovum
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| The union of the ovum and sperm | Fertilization
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| Cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and sperm | Zygote
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| Identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo | Monozygotic twins
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| Often called fraternal twins, occurring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time | Dizygotic twins
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| First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining | Germinal period
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| Name for the developing organism from two weeks to eight weeks after fertilization | Embryo
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| The period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop | Embryonic period
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| Times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant | Critical periods
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| Any factor that can cause a birth defect | Teratogen
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| The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child | Fetal period
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| Name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby | Fetus
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| The fertilized egg cell is called a ______ | Zygote
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| Which of the following statements about Abby and Brittany Hensel is FALSE? A. They are able to coordinate their actions B. They are remarkably Healthy C. They could have been successfully separated D. THey are one of only four sets of living dicephali | They could have been successfully separated
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| The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the ____ period. | Germinal
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| What doesn't happen in the germinal period? | Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta
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| The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the ______ period. | Embryonic
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| Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of _____ on the developing baby. | Mercury
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| The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory | Cognitive development
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| In this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events | Scheme
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| Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment | Sensorimotor stage
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| The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight |
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| Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world | Preoperational stage
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| The inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes | Egocentrism
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| In Piaget's theory, the tendency of young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features | Centration
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| In Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature | Conservation
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| In Piaget's theory, the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action | Irreversibility
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| Piaget's third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking | Concrete operations stage
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| Piaget's last stage of cognitive development, in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking | Formal operations stage
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| What sense is least functional at birth? | Vision
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| What is the first voluntary movement that allows an infant to get from one place to another? | Rolling over
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| In which of Piaget's stages would a child be who has just developed object permanence? | Sensorimotor
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| Vygotsky defines ______ as the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with help. | Zone of proximal development
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| "Daddy go bye-bye" is an example of _______. | Telegraphic speech
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| The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up | Temperament
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| The emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver | Attachment
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| According to Thomas and Chess, a child who is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and is negative and loud is labeled a _______ child. | Difficult
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| What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who explores the room, gets upset when the mother leaves but is easily soothed, and is happy to see the mother when she returns? | Secure
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| Mothers who were abusive and/or neglectful were associated with the _____ type of attachment. | Disorganized-disoriented
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| In Erikson's ______ stage of psychosocial development, the child learns self-control and begins to feel more capable. | Initiative versus guilt
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| The behavior associated with being male or female | Gender
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| The individual's sense of being male or female | Gender identity
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| The culture's expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture | Gender roles
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| Theory of gender identity acquisition in which a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema | Gender schema theory
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| The development of person's sense of being male or female is called _____. | Gender identity
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| Which of the following is not a biological influence on gender A. Hormones secreted during fetal development B. The influence of hormones taken by the pregnant mother C. Exposure to playmates of a particular gender D. Sex chromosomes | C. Exposure to playmates of a particular gender
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| In _____ cultures, gender roles are seen as more traditional, whereas in _____ cultures they may be more nontraditional, especially for women, | Collectivistic; individualistic
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| Studies have shown that ____ are more concerned about appropriate gender behavior in their children, particularly their _____ children. | Fathers; male
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| Alex sees his father hammering some nails into a loose board on their house. Later Alex takes his toy hammer and pretends to hammer in some imaginary nails. Of which theory of gender development would this be a good example? | Social learning theory
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| The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult | Adolescence
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| The physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak | Puberty
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| Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm | Personal fable
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| Type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent's thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are | Imaginary audience
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| Fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self | Identity versus role confusion
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| Which term refers to the feeling of being unique and protected? | Personal fable
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| According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _____ level of morality. | Conventional
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| According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to ______. | Find a consisten sense of self
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| Which of the following issues typically creates a lot of conflict between most teens and their parents? | Trivial issues of hair, clothing, and music choices
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| The cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's reproductive capability | Menopause
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| Gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males | Andropause
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| An emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self | Intimacy
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| Providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work | Generativity
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| Style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child | Authoritarian parenting
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| Style pf parenting in which parent makes few, if any, demands on a child's behavior | Permissive parenting
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| Permissive parenting in which parents are uninvolved with a child or child's behavior | Permissive neglectful
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| Permissive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits | Permissive indulgent
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| Style pf parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a child's behavior | Authoritative parenting
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| Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego | Integrity
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| The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called _____. | Perimenopause
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| Which of the following has NOT been shown to help maintain a healthy level of cognitive functioning? A. Working crossword puzzles B. Reading C. Going to plays D. Sedentary lifestyle | Sedentary lifestyle
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| Today's worker may change careers as many as _____ times. | Five to seven
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| According to Erikson, achieving true intimacy is difficult if one's _____ is not already established. | Identity
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| Theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby | Activity theory
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| According to research, if an older person wants to adjust more positively to aging, he or she should ______. | Remain active in some way
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| In which theory of aging do telomeres become the major means of aging cells? | Cellular clock theory
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| In the ______ stage of reaction to death and dying, a person may promise to do everything the doctor says if the doctor will say that the person can live a little longer. | Bargaining
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| Differences between age-groups would cause the most serious problems for which developmental research method? | Cross-sectional design
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| If a person has one one gene for cystic fibrosis but does not have the disease, cystic fibrosis but does not have the disease, cystic fibrosis must be a ______ disorder. | Recessive
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| In _____ syndrome, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females. | Turner's
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| The spongelike organ that provides nourishment for the growing baby and filters away waste products is called the ____. | Placenta
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| The critical period for pregnancy is the _______. | Embryonic period
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| Mary's baby was born with a smaller than normal head, some facial malformations, and is intellectually disabled. Mary most likely _____ during her early pregnancy. | Drank alcohol
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| In the _______ reflex, the baby moves its head toward any light touch to its face. | Rooting
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| Which of the newborn's sense is the most fully developed at birth? | Touch
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| At what age can the typical infant sit without support? | 6 months
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| By age 5, the brain is at ______ percent of its adult weight. | 90
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| In wich of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation? | Concrete operations
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| According to Vygotsky, giving a child help in the form of asking leading questions and providing examples is called _____. | Scaffolding
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| Infants seem to understand far more language than they can produce, a phenomenon known as _____. | Receptive-productive lag
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| Little Kashif held his empty cup up to his mother and said, "Milk!" His use of this word is labeled _____. | A holophrase
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| As an infant, Liz never liked change, but if you introduce new things gradually, she will eventually accept them without too much fuss. Liz is most likely _____. | Slow to warm up
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| In the Strange Situtation, _____ babies were clinging, unwilling to explore, very upset when Mommy left the room, and demanded to be held but pushed her away at the same time when she returned. | Ambivalent
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| In Erikson's crisis of ______, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem. | Industry versus inferiority
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| The culture's expectations for male and female behaviors are called _____. | Gender roles
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| What happened in the study of 25 genetic males born with ambiguous genitalia who were surgically altered to be females? | They preferred male games and toys, and most have openly declared themselves to be boys
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| In gender schema theory, gender identity _____. | First forms as a mental concept of "boy" or "girl."
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| Samantha refuses to go to school because her chin has a "huge" pimple on it and she is afraid that everyone will laugh at her and point. Samantha is a victim of ____. | THe imaginary audience
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| Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development is ______. | Identity versus role confusion
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| Vision and hearing begin to decline in the ______. | Thirties
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| A decline in testosterone in the forties is called _____. | Andropause
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| The crisis of middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is _____. | Generativity versus stagnation
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| Rebellion in the teenage years is the most likely outcome of _____ parenting. | Authoritarian
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| Damage caused by unstable molecules is the main idea of the _____ theory of aging. | Free radical
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| According to Kübler-Ross, when bargaining fails, ______ usually results. | Depression
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| Which culture discussed in the Applying Psychology section has a belief in reincarnation? | Hindu
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