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Biology 1107 Exam 1

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Question	Answer
Protons and neutrons locations?	Nucleus
Electrons are found in _________ surrounding the nucleus.	Orbitals
As distance from the nucleus increases,	Energy increases.
H-H Bond is a ?	Nonpolar covalent.
H-O-H bond is ?	Polar covalent, partial charges exist.
Matter ends...	where atoms orbitals are complete.
Water is an incredible solvent because of?	the polar covalent bonds, due to the strong polarity they are able to attract other substances and pull them apart.
Energy is formed when chemical bonds break because?	Electrons Shift.
Molecular weight is	The sum of the mass of numbers of all atoms in the molecule.
A Mole is ?	6.022x10^23 molecules, mass is equal to the molecular weight expressed in grams.
Molarity is?	The concentration of a substance in a solution, the number of moles per liter.
Solution is made up of?	Solute and solvent.
Hydrogen bonds are not chemical and are set up	due to attraction. Hydrogen bonds are weak electrostatic bonds.
Ions and polar molecules stay in solution because of	their interactions with waters partial charges. (hydrophilic)
Hydrophilic means?	An uncharged and nonpolar compound that do not dissolve in water.
The type of band that makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water..	Hydrogen.
What makes water unique?	It's small size, bent shape, highly polar covalent bonds and overall polarity.
Water is cohesive, adhesive, denser as a liquid than as a solid, and able to absorb large amounts of energy due to what?	It's ability to form hydrogen bonds.
The basis of the pH scale is what?	Proton concentration.
The pH of pure water is ?	7
Acids have a pH of ?	Less than 7.
Bases have a pH of ?	Greater than 7.
In this reaction a proton donor transfers a proton, to a proton receptor.	Acid-base.
In a chemical reaction the potential energy?	Drops, energy is released.
When moving electrons either...	gain or lose potential energy.
Spontaneous Reaction	One in which energy is released.
CO2 + H2O >Glucose= what reaction?	Photosynthesis.
C6H12O6=?	Glucose.
Plants have the ability to make this?	Glucose.
Gibbs free-energy change?	Determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or requires energy.
Exergonic reaction?	Spontaneous reaction that tears things down, such as digestion.
Endergonic reaction?	Requires energy input, builds things up.
When the Gibbs free-energy change =0	Equilibrium
Carbon can form many covalent bonds due to ..	due to it's 4 valence electrons.
This element can form a limitless array of molecular shapes with different combos of single and double bonds...	Carbon
Organic molecules contain this...	Carbon
Electronegativity	The force of attraction of a compound.
When electrons are shared equally potential energy is...	Higher.
Glucose takes on what shape within us due to our water content?	A ring.
Glucose takes on the chemical or physical behavior of their..	Amino and carboxyl groups.
ATP allows for even more energy when bonds are broken due to this?	Bond tension.
Makes substances more acidic because in solutions it readily gives up hydrogen.	Carboxyls.
Most cell function depends on these..	Proteins.
Proteins are made up of these	Amino Acids which vary in structure and form.
The 4 levels that the structure of proteins can be analyzed at are..	1. Amino acid sequence 2. Substructures (helices and pleated sheets) 3. Interactions between amino acids (dictate shape) 4. Combinations of individual proteins that make up larger multiunit molecules.
In cells most proteins are _________, which function as ___________.	Enzymes, cataysts.
We have analyzed over 100,000 of these our body makes and needs.	Different proteins.
These compose 50 % of our mass...	Proteins.
Proteins are designed to help...	Move chemical reactions along.
When proteins aren't produced in us it leads to	Clinical conditions.
When proteins are altered these conditions may occur,	Sickle cell, anemia.
Living things have the ability to attach...	monomers.
Amino Acids form _____________ between____________.	Covalent bonds, peptide bonds.
Make up at least 80% of your dry weight...	Proteins.
These groups allow for a substance to dissolve in water, this is due to the polar bond between OH.	Carboxyl groups.
Every amino acid has a __________ and a _________group.	Amino, carboxyl.
In order to count amino acids you count the ____________.	Number of nitrogens.
If a protein has the same amount of amino groups the ___________ determines it.	Side chain (R).
Hydrophobic, do not form hydrogen bonds.	Non polar R groups.
Hydrophilic, form hydrogen bonds, readily dissolve in water.	Polar R groups.
Some proteins are completely hydrophilic, but there are also other proteins that are a _______ of the two.	Hybrid.
These bring new chemical properties to proteins.	Side groups.
The simplest form of a molecule.	Monomer.
Simples form of an amino acid.	Protein.
These form bonds between monomers.	Polymers.
Consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen containing base.	Nucleotide.
Polymerize to form RNA.	Ribonucleotides.
Polymerize to form DNA.	Deoxyribonucleotides.
DNA's primary structure consists of a sequence of ______________ containing bases.	Nitrogen.
This structure consists of 2 DNA strands running in opposite directions, held together by complementary base pairing, and twisted into a double helix.	Secondary structure.
DNA's structure allows organisms to store and replicate the information needed to....	Grow and reproduce.
RNA's primary structure consists of ...	A sequence of nitrogen containing bases.
RNA's secondary structure includes...	Short regions of double helices and structures called hairpins.
Nucleic Acid	A polymer of nucleotide monomers.
Each composed of a phosphate gourd, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.	Nucleotides.
The sugar in ribonucleotides?	Ribose.
The sugar in deoxyribonucleotides?	Deoxyribose.
The two groups of nitrogenous bases are..	Purines (adenine,guanine) and Pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil and thymine)
Nucleic acids form when ....	nucleotides polymerize.
Linkage formed during a condensation reaction..	Phosphodiester linkage.
Phosphodiester bond	Bon between the phosphate group on the carbon of one nucleotide and the -OH group on the carbon of another.
Ribonucleotides form..	RNA
Deoxyribonucleotides form...	DNA
Sugar phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is directional one end has an unlinked _____________, and the other has an unlinked __________.	5' carbon, 3'carbon.
Polymerization of nucleic acids is a _______________ process.	Endergonic.
Energy for polymerization comes from the __________________ of the nucleotides.	Phosphorylation.
Phosphorylation	The transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate molecule, this raises the potential energy of the substrate and enables endergonic reactions.
A nucleoside triphosphate is formed during..	Nucleic acid polymerization where two phosphates are transferred.
Erwin Chargaff's two empirical rules for DNA	1. The total number of purines and pyrimidines is the same. 2. The number of A's and T's are equal and the numbers of C's and G's are equal.
DNA strands run in an ...	Antiparallel configuration.
The hydrophilic sugar phosphate backbone in DNA faces the..	Exterior.
Nitrogenous base pairs in DNA face the...	Interior.
Purines always pair with...	Pyrimidines.
A-T have_____ hydrogen bonds.	Two.
C-G have ____ hydrogen bonds.	Three.
DNA has 2 different sized grooves the names are the...	Major and minor groove.
DNA's secondary structure consists of 2 antiparallel strands twisted into a....	Double helix.
Molecules within DNA are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions in its interior and ________ bonding between the complementary base pairs A-T and G-C.	Hydrogen.
DNA can ...	Store and transmit biological information.
The language of nucleic acids is contained...	In the sequence of the bases.
DNA carries the information required for the...	Growth and reproduction of all cells.
Complementary base pairing provides ...	A simple mechanism for DNA replication, each strand can serve as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand.
DNA replication requires 2 steps...	1. Separation of the double helix 2. Hydrogen bonding of deoxyribonucleotides with complementary bases on the original templates strand, followed by phosphodiester bond formation to form the complementary strand.
DNA is less reactive than ___________ but more resistant to ____________.	RNA, chemical degradation.
Make poor catalysts.	Stable molecules, such as DNA.
RNA contains...	A primary structure consisting of a sugar phosphate backbone formed by phosphodiester linkages and a sequence of four types of nitrogenous bases.
Primary structure of RNA differs from DNA in two ways..	1. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. 2. RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose.
RNA is much more reactive and less stable than DNA due to the presence of ..	The -OH group.
RNA's secondary structure results from ...	Complementary base pairing.
The bases of RNA typically form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on...	The same strand.
RNA molecules can have both ________ and ____________ structures.	Tertiary, quaternary.
Can function as an information-containing molecule, and like DNA is capable of self-replication.	RNA
Can function as a catalytic molecule.	RNA
Ribozymes	Enzyme-like RNAs.
RNA can both provide a ______________ for copying itself and catalyze the polymerization reactions that would link _______________ into a copy of that template	Template, monomers.
RNA is not very ____________, but might have survived long enough in the prebiotic soup to ___________ itself.	Stable, replace.
Highly variable in structure.	Sugars and other carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides are...	Monomers that polymerize to form polymers called polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are joined by..	Different types of glycosidic linkages.
Carbohydrates perform a wide variety of functions in cells they...	Serve as raw material for synthesizing other molecules. Provide structural support. Indicate cell identity. Store chemical energy.
Principle function of Monosacharide monomers is..	To bring structure to the organism.
Trahaleose builds internal framework that keeps the cell membrane from..	collapsing if the cell is dehydrated.
Monosaccharides also provide...	fuel for most organisms.
Most organisms use this as energy to build ATP.	Carbohydrates.
This defines the carbohydrate..	monomer.
This as a monomer defines the carbohydrate.	Glucose.
Monosaccharide monomers are simple sugars that structurally vary in four primary ways...	1. Location of the carbonyl group. 2. Number of carbon atoms present. 3. Spatial arrangement of their atoms. 4. Linear and alternative ring forms.
The difference of a aldose to a ketose is ...	the repositioning the oxygen.
The difference of a glucose to a galactose is...	a shift in molecules of the O-H bond.
Polysaccharides, aka complex carbohydrates are..	polymers of monosaccharide monomers.
Simples polysaccharides are..	disaccharides.
Disaccharides	Comprised of two monosaccharide monomers, which can be identical or different.
Simple sugars polymerize when a condensation reaction occurs between two hydroxyl groups result in a covalent bond called a _____________.	Glycosidic linkage.
Monomers define..	structure.
A glycosidic linkage is a ..	chemical bond.