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Nutrition

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Created by: umoffice

Question	Answer
nutrition food labels must include (3) may no include (2)	nutrition food facts panel, food ingredient list, percentages of daily values nutrient content claim, diet-related health claims
things that don;t have to have a nutrition label (5)	f+V, raw meat (unless grounded) food prepared in a store, food w/ few nutrients, alcohol
5 thing included in the nutrition facts panel	# of calories, serving size, percentage daily values, 13 core nutrients, any nutirents in content claim
13 core ingredients	fat, saturated fat, protein, vitamins A+C, sugars, CHO, fibre, calcium, iron, sodium, cholestral, unsaturated fat
% of daily values compares? based on _____ kcal diet example (3)	foods, 2000, moderately active women, teenage girls, sedentary males
nutrient content claim highlights? does not guarentee?	only 1 nutrient, nutrient quality of food
free.... sodium	<5mg sodium per 100g of food
low... fat	"low fat"= 3 g or less per serving
reduced	25% less
light	reduced in fat or in calories
source	useful amount
high or good source	high amount of nutrient
very high or excellet source	very high amount of nutrient
claims for fibre: excellent source, good source, source and list an example for each	>6g per serving: 1 cup of cooked beans/ raspberries 4-6 g: 1 med bran muffin/ whole wheat pasta/ strawberries/ pear 2-4g: 1 slice of whole wheat bread/ cooked brown rice/ apple/ peanut butter
health claims: characterize the relationship between ... require? not permited if? not appropriate?	a nutrient in that food and a disease or health related condition health approval if food not nutrious for food intented for <2 years old
5 approved health claims (hypertension, types of cancers, osteoporosis, heart disease, dental caries)	1. decrease sodium, increase potasium- helps decrease risk of hypertension 2. adequate in calcium and vit D helps reduce risk of osteoprosis 3. decrease saturated and trans fat helps reduce risk of heart disease 4.rich in V+F helps reduce risk of some
phytochemicals act as.... mimikcing...	antioxidants, hormone reactions
antioxidants: compounds that	protect cells against damaging free agents
Flaxseed consists of what type of fibre(what converts what into what), cautions (2)	lignans- type of fibre that is converted by intestinal bacteria to bioclogically active phytosterols which may decrease colon cancer human studies lacking excess fibre- interfere with absorption of vit and minerals
soybeans contain, which decreases risk of, concerns	phytoestrogen (genistien), osteoprosis and certain cancers increase dose of genistein= breast cancer
tomatoes, watermelon and papyaya consists of, which increases and decreases what? concern (1)	lycopene: increases prostate health and decreases cervical cancer in women safer to consume V+F rather than supplements safer to consume V+T rather that supplements
berries, black and green tea, dark chocolate, olives, onions, red grapes, wine, soy products contain... prevents... concerns (2)	flavanoid antioxidiants may prevent heart disease chocolate high NRG dense high Sugar and fat alcohol is toxic- increase heart disease
probiotics contain_____ ex (2) alters the ____ of the ____ prevents _____ of harmful bacteria and protects against	benifical bacteria ( lactobacillus and bifidobacter strains) bacterial milieu of the large intestine overgrowth, certain bowl disorder
prebotics _____ food components serve as.... therefore promote? example?	non-digestible, food for probiotic bacteria, growth of probiotics, inlin added to yogurt
4 risks of function foods	1. issues with safety and effectivness 2. large amounts- purified phytochemicals (different or toxic actions in the body compared to amounts in whole foods 3. untested medical herds- health issues and deaths 4. adding phytochemicals to low nutrient de
digestive system, includes	organs break down complex particles- absorbable products includes digestive tract and accessory organs
digestive tract	mouth to anus. digest and absorbs nutrients from foods
accessory organs (3) purpose	liver, gallbladder, pancreas secrete hormones and enzymes aid in digestion
digestion in mouth	starch- salivary amylase- salivary glands
esophagus movement	peristalsis
LES: made of? purpose? faulty? disease? sysptom? treatment?	ring of smooth muscle that acts as a sphincter, prevents black flow (reflux) occurs with aging, pbesity, excess alcohol, caffenine- gastroesophageal reflex disease heart burn antacids, weight loss, limit caffeine, alcohol, aviod tight clothing
stomach: layers of muscle? ph? how many L? secretes? ends @? chruns food into ___ ____ starts protien digestion gastric acids does (4)	3, 1-2, 2L, pepsin, mucus, gastric acid. pyloric valce. chyme. pepsin. unfolds proteinds (denaturation) activates pepsin destroys harmful organisms releases vit and minerals from food
small intestine: how long? starts and ends, major site of___ what does noe require digestion and are absorbed intact?	20 feet, pyloric sphincter, cecum, digestion and absorption of CHO, FAT and PROTEIN vitamins minerals and water
pancreas releases? these ions neutralize? pancreas produces?	alkaline bicarbonate ions, acidic chyme entering small intestine digestive enzymes that act in small intestine
bile is produced by ____ stored in ____. required in order to digest ____	liver, gallbladder, fat in small intestine
absorption: nutirents into _____ to ______ (water solulable) or ____ (fat-soluale)	intestinal wall, bloodstream, lymphocytes
aid in absorption (3) anything not absorbed is	microvilli, folds, villi large bowl
what 5 things are elimited from the body in the bile	h20, fibre, unabsorbed nutrients, bacteria, some bile salts
large intestine reabsorbs___ and ___ from stool back into the body secrets ____ for ____ absorbes ____ produced by metabolism of _____ by bacteria living in the ____ LI ends @	H2O and NaCl mucus for lubrication vit. k, fibre, colon rectum
diarrhea: ____ disease managemnt: treat ________, correct _____ and ____ disturbances	crohn's underlying causes, dehydration, electrolyte
diverticulosis: abnormal..... that become infected related to lack of ____ and ____ in elederly treatment preventions	pouches in the large bowl wall antibiotics and dietary modifications adequate fibre and increase physical activity
two different type of nutrient transportation	bloodstream and lymph
bloodstream nutrient transportation: what kind of nutrients (4) to the ____ then___ then ____ via ____	water soluable (AA, minerals, vitamins, glucose) liver, heart, organs and tissues arteries
lymph nutrient transport: what kind of nutrients (2) to the ______ then ____ then _____ near the heart then _____ via arteries within the tissues the blood circulates via ____	fat-souble nutrients (lipids, fat-souble vitamins) lymphatic system, thoracic duct, bloodstream, tissues and organs, capillaries
define utilization	used in cells for metabolic processes
nutrients stored in the bone, liver two ways NRG can be stored	calcium, phosphorus and magnesium fat-soluable vitamins and some minerals (copper) fat (adipose cells) CHO (small amounts as muscle and liver glycogen)
eliminations of wastes by lungs, urinary system, liver	CO2 carried out in the blood and exchanged for 02- respiration kidneys filter waster and toxins in blood- via bladder in urine removes certain wastes and toxins from blood. metabolizes them, eliminates via bile excreted in feeces
regulation of nutrient metabolism	communication between organs and cells occur via hormones and NS
hormones secreted by ____ into blood. acts as ___ in organs to obtain ____. what secretes hormones that respond to fluctuations in the blood glucose concentrations?	endocrine glands, messengers, homeostasis, pancreas
Pancreas functions: when glucose levels increase pancreas....	releases insulin which stimulates muscle cells to take up glucose from the blood and store it therefore decreasing the blood glucose to normal
pancreas functions: when glucose levels decrease pancreas...	releases glycagon which stimulates the liver to release more glucose into the blood therefore raises glucose levels
NS regulation of nutrient metabolism	neurotransmitters released at nerve endings, regulate gastrointestinal system via satiety centre in hypothalamus
fight or flight reaction: nerves release _____, glands produce produce _____ +______. metabolism ______. Puplis _____, Muscles ____. breathing _____. HR and BP ____ to pump____. Dig system ____. liver releases... fat cells release	neurtransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine,speeds up, dilate, tense, increases, increases, more blood to muscles, descrease, glucose stores into the blood for muscles, release fat for NRG source
how many kcal for a 12 oz beer? what measurments of alcohol is = to 100 kcal metabolsim of alcohol: digestion, absortion decrease what hormone production in the brain causes increase urine output cause ____ and _____ depresses the ____ (4) effects	150 kcal 3.5 oz of wine, 1.5 oz hard liquor, 12 oz light beer, 8 oz soft drink no digestion, absorbed through small intestine and stomach antidiuretic dehydration and mineral loss CNS: impaired judgement and reasoning, voluntary muscle, control of vi
alcohol detoxification: major site for alcohol metabolism is ____. 80 % by alcohol _____ and 10% by _______. remaining 10% is... max rate= ____hr per 1 drink	liver, dehydrogenase, microsomal ethonal oxidizing system, excreted via urine and lungs. 1.5 hr
define hangover effect of 3 things interferes with.... deficiences of ___ and ____ stimulates....	mild drug withdrawal syndrome toxic congeners, formaldehyde, and dehydration of brain cells absorption and metabolism thiamin and folate fat deposistion in liver "fatty liver"
define diet	food and bervages consumed
nutrients	food components required for vital function
malnutrition (3)	undernutrtion, over nutrition, imbalance
NA diet ratio? what is to be done to balance ratio out?	high in omega 6 low in omega 3, increase fats from fish and Colonna oil
chronic desease	degenerative disease, decline in organ function, leading cause of death NUTRITION A BIG FACTOR
7 chronic diseases	cardiovascular disorder (hypertension, ischemic, heart disease, heart attack, stroke) osteoporosis diabetes some cancers diverticulosis chronic gingivitis
6 nutrient classes	vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, CHO, H2O
organic nutrients	vitamins, CHO, protien, fat
inoranic nutrients	minerals and h2o
nonnutrients: example	not any of the 6 nutrient classes phytochemicals- plant based, health benefits ie. green tea
9 AA	histidine +TVTILLPM threonine valine tryptophan isoleucine Leucine Lysine Phenylalanine Methionine
nutraceutical	isolated from food- pill example green tea extract, omega 3 fish pills
essential nutrients (5)	body can't make and has to come from the diet 9 AA 2 esstential FA (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid) all vitamins most minerals h2o
conditionally essential nutrient: example	nutrients body no longer capable of making to meet requirements example tyrosine, PKU lacks enzymes to convert phenyalanine to tyrosine
6 roles of nutrients	source of NRG building materials growth of tissues/ organs- children and pregnancy regulation of body processes- minerals and vitamins immune function gene regulation
chemical NRG is stored in ____ bonds define kilocalorie 1 kcal = define gram	carbon- carbon measure food NRG amount of heat to increase temp of 1kg of water by 1 degree measurement of food by weight
Nutrient NRG release (CHO, Protein, Fat and alcohol)	CHO= 4 kcal/g Protien= 4 kcal/g fat= 6 kcal/g alcohol= 7 kcal/g= toxin not nutrient
the amount of NRG (kilocalories) in a given food depends on the number of	grams of fat, protein, and carbohydrate that it contains
define NRG density (relative to? expressed?) 4 examples of high NRG density and low NRG density	relative to amount of food, and expressed in kilocalories per gram of good butter, oils, high fat dairy products, sweets whole grains, veg, and legumes
define basic foods10 examples- basis of____	have not undergone processing milk, milk products, meats, fish, poultry, v+F, legumes, soy, and whole wheat nutrious diet
enriched foods (2 examples) food need to	added nutrients flour: nutrients and minerals orange juice: calcium fortified FOOD NEEDS TO START WHOLE OR BASIC
Define natural foods, does not ensure...	food manufactors imply wholesomeness, no legal definition. does not ensure nutrient value
staple foods: whats important	eaten daily, high nutrient value- food choices limited
define organic foods- ___ certification	plant food grown without pest/fert, anti/hormones voluntary certification
fast food: high in	salt, fat, sugar, CHO
4 ways food can be processed, nutrient content may be _____, high in (4)	milling, texture modification, precooking, addition of additives, altered, total and trans fat, salts and or sugar
functional foods: example	prevent chronic disease omega 3 reduce risk of heart disease
dietary supplements (4 examples) not to replace _____ because they lack _____	purified nutrients eg. vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, casesin powder. whole foods fibre and phytochemicals
5 characteristics of a nutrious diet	variety, adequate, calorie control, balance, moderation
nutrient density helps with	weight loss and management
laboratory study caution with..	live animal or in vitro, carrying results to humans
case study cannot be used to	studied and individual or family with an interesting disease extrapolate results to larger populations
epidemiological study identifies relationship between	populations- examine existing dietary or lifestyle identify relationship between diet and disease
human intervention study.... compares... shows effects of ...	health effects of different interventions, treatment, most powerful tools in nutrition research
adventortias	lengthy news ads promoting product for financial gain
anecdotal evidence	personal stories
testimorials	personal stories given by an individual
fraud or quakery	alter a human condition without providing scientific proof
registered dieticians	provide nutriton counselling, governmet policy and program planning
nutritional scientists	postgraduate training and conduct research
diet recall pro, dis,	easy dis: memory, portion sizes, not usual diet
diet record	keep track of food intake 3- 5 days. does not realy on memory more accurate. dis. time, portion sizes
FFQ	estimate frequency of consumption of specified foods over specified period of time. dis= time memory, incomplete look at whole diet
3 nutrition guidelines for canadians	CFG, health canada nutrition, designed for healthy individuals
CFG: what does it include? goals?	amounts and types of food meet nutrient needs for cardiovascular disease maintain heathly body weight prevent nutrition related health problems- chronic disease
nutrients contained in V+F	CHO, Fibre, B vit (folate and thiamin) vit A and C, carotenoids, minerals (iron), potassium, magnesium, phyotchemicals- cancer and cardio vascular disease
additional recommendations for V+F	1 dark green (folate) + 1 orange (carotenoids) avoid fruit juice= concentrated sugar and lacks fibre
serving size for V+F	M=8-10 F=7-8 1 fresh veg, 1/2 cup cut, 1/4 dried, 1 cup of salad, 1/2 cup of juice, 1/2 cup of cooked leafy green
grain products rich in ____ low in _____ provide ___ whole grain ____ nutrients contained (5)	fibre, fat, satiety reduce cardiovascular disease CHO, Fibre, some protien (gluten), B Vit (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate) minerals (iron, zinc, magnesium)
serving size for CHO	m= 8 F=6-7 1 slice of bread, half a bagel, half a pita 1/2 cooked rice 2 cups of popcorn 3/4 cereal
milk and alternatives: ____ health. nutrients contained (8) ____ added through mandatory fortification	bone. minerals (calcium, zinc, magnesium) riboflavin, folate, vit A+D +B12, protein, CHO , fat Vit A+D
additional recommendations	soy products, lactose products, lower fat milk
1 serving milk and alt.	m=2 F=2 1 cup of milk 1/2 cup of canned 1 1/2 oz of hard cheese 1 cup of cottage cheese 2 tablespoons of graded cheese 3/4 yogurt
HCN recommendations: _____ appropriate to maintain healthy body weight. total fat ___ NRG, saturated fat ____ NRG, CHO ____. reduce ____ intake. Alcohol ____. Caffenine ____ amount? mandatory....	NRG intake, <30%, <10%, 55%, sodium, <5%. no more than 4 cups. fluoridation of community water supply to 1 mg/l
meat and alternatives includes (6), nutrients contained (7) CHO found only in ____ Vit b 12 found only in____	shell fish, legumes, lentils, poultry, nuts and seeds protein, fat, iron, zinc, magnesium, vit a, b vit (folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vit. b6 and b12 plant based foods animal origin
additional recommendations for meat and alt. (3)	eat alternatives 2 servings of fish nuts and seeds- heart healthy
1 serving	M:3 F:2 1/2 cooked fish/ chicken 2 eggs 3/4 beans tofu hummus 1/4 nuts 2 tablespoons of peanut butter
EAR: nutrient intake goals for ____ of specific ____ - makes needs of ____ used for ____ + _____	estimated average requirements: groups of individuals, specific gender and stage of the lifecyle. research and policy making
RDA= nutrientk intake goals for ____ - ____ of those individuals *most _____	Recommended dietary allowances: w/in a given life stage and gender group, 97.5% frequently used
AL= nutrient intake goals for individuals ____	Adequate intake: insufficient scientific data to set an RDA
UL: define, absense of UL for a nutrient _____	Tolerable upper intake levels: max intake of nutrient that is safe does not mean it is safe to be consumed in any amount
AMDR: NRG from CHO____ NRG from fat ____ NRG from protein___ too low? too high?	Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges: 45-65, 20-35, 10-35
NRG requirements: 19-30 males ___ for 19 subtract what? 19- 30 females ___ for 19 subtract	3067 subtract ten 2404 subtract seven