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Critical Thinking

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Created by: zahriabeshea

Question	Answer
The term "fake news" refers to news stories that…	Are deliberately false or misleading
The attitude requiring that we reject the habit of automatically accepting claims found in the media or online is called…	Reasonable skepticism
The fact that fake news can endanger innocent lives is illustrated by?	The "Pizzagate" incident
In addition to endangering innocent lives, fake news harms society by	Sewing distrust and exaggerating social conflicts
Characteristics of trustworthy fact checkers include	Disclosing their sources of funding
Websites like AllSides.com and ProCon.org are useful aides for	Lateral reading
In order to read a news source critically, we must ask ourselves if the claims we encounter have been examined by fact checkers, are plausible, and…	Are supported by evidence
Fake news articles often succeed because…	People desire evidence that supports their beliefs
Lateral reading involves…	Comparing a variety of sources
Reverse image searches are most useful for…	Checking if an image has been used before
Our guiding attitude toward the world of advertising should be one of…	Reasonable skepticism
Advertisers use weasel words to…	Appear to make strong claims without lying
Ads that depend for their effectiveness on not looking like ads are called…	Native ads
All of the following are old school advertising tricks except…	Splicing
This ad—"You may have already won a new 2020 Ford pickup truck!"—illustrates the use of…	Weasel words
This ad—"Big sale! Apple iPad for less than the suggested retail price!" —illustrates the use of…	Misleading comparisons
The presidential election between Lyndon B. Johnson and Barry Goldwater marked the beginning of…	Negative political ads
Today, the go-to tactic for political smearing, propaganda, and hatchet jobs is…	The use of manipulated videos
Cropping, changing speed, dubbing audio, and adding or deleting visual information are all methods of the specific technique known as…	Doctoring
A photoshopped gif circulated on social media showing Parkland student and gun-control advocate Emma Gonzalez ripping the U.S. Constitution illustrates the specific technique known as…	Doctoring
Inference to the best explanation is a form of inductive reasoning in which we reason from premises about a state of affairs to...	An explanation for that state of affairs
Before evaluating a theory, we should make sure that it meets the minimum requirement of...	Consistency
An inference to the best explanation always goes "beyond the evidence"—it tries to explain facts but does so by...	Positing a theory that is not derived entirely from those facts
A theory that is internally consistent is free of...	Contradictions
The standards used to judge the worth of explanatory theories are known as...	The criteria of adequacy
A hypothesis that cannot be verified independently of the phenomenon it is supposed to explain is said to be...	Ad hoc
A theory with scope is one that explains or predicts phenomena...	Other than that which it was introduced to explain
If a theory predicts something other than what it was introduced to explain, it is...	Testable
A theory that fits with our established beliefs is...	Conservative
The criteria of adequacy include...	Testability, scope, conservatism
The standard moral argument is a mixture of...	Moral and nonmoral statements
The best approach to identifying implicit premises is to treat moral arguments as...	Deductive
We can evaluate a moral premise by...	Trying to think of counterexamples to it
A moral theory tries to explain...	What makes an action right or what makes a person good
Considered moral judgments are...	Those moral judgments that we accept after we reason about them carefully
In moral arguments, a moral conclusion cannot be established without…	A moral premise
Subjective relativism implies that each person is...	Morally infallible
Social relativism implies that it is impossible to disagree with one's culture and be...	Right
According to Kantian ethics, an action is right if it...	Conforms to universal moral rules derived from reason
According to traditional utilitarianism, an action is right if it...	Maximizes overall happiness, everyone considered
what is a conspiracy theory?	a belief that’s kind of based on events going on, but it can really be something plotted by a group of people for their own reasons.
Why are conspiracy theories so appealing?	are appealing because of anxiety and fear, social identity, coping mechanism and for entertainment purpose. For curiosity and projection.
Circular Reasoning	basically, when the argument is restated rather than proven. Example would be “The wind is invisible because I can’t see it because it’s invisible.
Hasty Generalization	when someone is making a sweeping statement without considering the facts.
Slippery Slope	is when a conclusion is based on the premise that one small step will lead to a chain of events resulting in some significant event. Example would be “If you don’t study on Saturdays, your grades will suffer.”
Straw Man	the distortion of someone else's argument to make it easier to attack or refute.
Ad Hominem	is when an attack on a person’s character or personal attributes to discredit their argument.
False Dichotomy	When an argument presents two points while disregarding or ignoring others to narrow the argument in one person’s favor.
Appeal to Emotion	is when a writer or speaker uses emotion-based language to try to persuade the reader or listener of a certain belief or position. “I deserve a second chance to submit my assignment.”
Equivocation	When an argument is presented in an ambiguous, double -sided way, making the argument misleading. Example would be “Hot dogs are better than nothing.”
Bandwagon Appeal	presents the thoughts of a group of people to persuade someone to think the same way. Example would be” many people buy extended warranties; therefore, it’s wise to buy them.”
False Analogy	when two things that are unalike are being compared based on a trivial similarity in order to prove a point. Example would be “People are like dogs.”