| Question | Answer |
| Are lymph vessels smaller or larger than capillaries? | larger |
| erythrocyte | a mature RBC |
| immunology | the study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system of the body to antigenic stimulation |
| What differentiates the four blood types? | The blood type corresponds to the antigen present on RBC, whatever antigen they have, the opposite antibody is present in the plasma. ie: Blood Type A has A-antigen on RBC and anti-B antibody in plasma. |
| RBC | red blood cell (erythrocyte) |
| What is hemophilia? | different hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times - can cause extreme blood loss and can be fatal. |
| What is natural immunity? | immunity with which we are born, genetic |
| What is acquired immunity? | body has developed ability to defend itself against a specific agent, either through receiving an immunization or having had the particular disease. |
| resistance | the body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents |
| What are the 3 plasma proteins and what do they do? | albumins (60%) - help maintain normal blood volume and BP. Globulins (36%) - transport lipids and fat-soluble vits in the blood, and function in immunity. Fibrinogen (4%) - Largest of the plasma proteins, fewest in #, essential in blood clotting |
| monocyte | a large mononuclear leukocyte |
| dyscrasia | an abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or prenatal Rh incompatibility. |
| What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body? | the spleen |
| agglutination | the clumping of cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies called agglutinins. |
| ion | an electrically charged particle |
| hematologist | a medical specialist in the field of hematology |
| fibrin | a stringy, insoluble protein that is the substance of a blood clot |
| -emia | blood condition |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | it is important to the immune system, it produces antibodies and lymphocytes important to immunity. it also helps to maintain a balance of fluid in the internal environment. |
| leuk/o | white |
| myeloid | of or pertaining to the bone marrow or the spinal cord |
| albumin | a plasma protein. it helps maintain the blood volume and blood pressure |
| serology | the branch of laboratory medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by evaluating antigen-antibody reactions. |
| What blood type is the universal donor? Universal recipient? | Type O - donor, Type AB - recipient |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| What will result if the wrong blood type is given? | the antibodies in the blood will attack the antigens in the "foreign" blood and result in agglutination |
| neutrophil | a polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus) granular leukocyte that stains easily with neutral dyes. |
| How is blood circulated? | by the action of the heart through the arteries and veins |
| thromb/o | clot |
| lymph | interstitial fluid picked up by the lymphatic capillaries and eventually returned to the blood. once the interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is knows as lymph |
| -globin | containing protein |
| lymphadenopathy | any disorder of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels, characterized by localized or generalized enlargement |
| cyt/o | cell |
| prothrombin | a plasma protein precursor of thrombin. It is synthesized in the liver if adequate vit K is present |
| ascites | an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes. |
| -phoresis | transmission |
| What does a CBC include? | a series of test performed on peripheral blood, that inexpensively screens for problems in the body: RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indicies, WBC count, WBC differential, blood smear, platelet count |
| reticulocyte | an immature erthrocyte characterized by a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus |
| plasma | the watery, straw-colored, fluid portion of the lymph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended. |
| splenomegaly | an abnormal enlargement of the spleen |
| immunologist | the health specialist whose training ande experience is concentrated in immunology |
| enzyme | an organic substance that initiates and accelerates a chemical reaction |
| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue located in a protective ring, just under the mucous membrane, surrounding the mouth and back of the throat |
| G-CSF | graulocyte colony-stimulating factor |
| erythroblast | an immature RBC |
| What is tested with the Hb/ Hgb/ Hbg test? | concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral blood |
| lymphocyte | small, agranulocytic leukocyts originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow |
| BMT | bone marrow transplant |
| mono- | one |
| fibrinogen | a plasma protein converted into fibrin by thrombin in the presence of calcium ions. |
| segs | segmented neutrophils |
| Hct | hematocrit |
| IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM | immunoglobulin A, D, E, G, M |
| sider/o | iron |
| bas/o | base |
| How are lymph vessels different from blood vessels? | lymph vessels do not form a closed circuit and they originate in intercellular spaces of soft tissues of the body |
| pathogens | disease-producing microorganisms |
| diff.diag. | differential diagnosis |
| hypersensitivity | an abnormal condition characterized by an excessive reaction to a particular stimulus |
| septicemia | systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spread from an infection in any part of the body |
| What does thromboplastin do? | It converts prothrombin to thrombin |
| What is the ESR used for? | measures the rate of RBC's settling out in a tube of unclotted blood, marker of inflammation |
| What does PT test for? | evaluates blood clotting factors, used to monitor coumadin therapy |
| What are the formed elements of blood? | RBC's (erythrocytes), WBC's (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes) |
| VLDL | very-low-density lipoprotein |
| stem cell | a formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types |
| What are examples of agranulocytes? | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| MCHC | mean cell hemoglobin concentration |
| thrombocyte | a clotting cell; a platelet |
| mon/o | one |
| PA | pernicious anemia |
| CBC | complete blood(cell) count |
| is/o | equal |
| ABO | blood groups: A, AB, B, & O |
| What are the body's two main fluids? | blood and lymph |
| edema | the accumulation of fluid within the tissue spaces |
| local reaction | a reaction to treatment that occurs at the site it was administered |
| MCH | mean cell hemoglobin |
| bilirubin | the orange-yellow pigment of bile formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBC's after termination of their normal life span. |
| What are the four blood types and population percentage of each? | A - 41%, B - 10%, AB - 4%, O - 45% |
| chrom/o | color |
| seroconversion | a change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine |
| poly. | polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
| MCV | mean cell volume |
| -poikil/o | varied; irregular |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| acquired immunity | immunity that is a result of the body developing the ability to defend itself against a specific agent, as a result of having had the disease or from having received an immunization against a disease |
| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel |
| How does lymph move? | It is propelled in one direction, away from its source, through lymph vessels, to drain into large veins of the circulatory system and back to the heart |
| What are the tonsils? | masses of lymphatic tissue located in protective ring, just under the mucous membrane. They surround the mouth and back of throat and serve as the first line of defense from the external environment |
| What is another antigen, besides A & B that can be present on the RBC? | Rh factor |
| What are the two ducts of the lymphatic system? | Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct. |
| adenoids | masses of lymphatic tissue located near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx; also called the pharyngeal tonsils |
| CLL | cholesterol-lowering lipid OR chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
| erythropoietin | a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes and is thus abble to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| macrophage | any phagocytic cell involved in the defense against infection and in the disposal of the products of the breakdown of cells. macrophages are foiund in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, and spinal cord |
| What is blood serum? | the clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation, it contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen. Plasma - clotting factors = serum |
| thromboplastin | a complex substance that initiates the clotting process by converting prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ion |
| Ab | antibody |
| myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| -lytic | destruction |
| What is the main difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes? | granulocytes contain gramules in their cytoplasm, and agranulocytes don't. |
| Hb, Hbg, Hgb | hemoglobin |
| What do the lymph vessels do? | receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries, the valve prevents backward flow of fluid so that the lymph is only transported in one direction away from the tissue and toward the thoracic cavity |
| What does blood do? | Transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells, and removes CO2 and other waste products from body cells for elimination |
| morph/o | form, shape |
| thrombocytopenia | an abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced |
| eosinophil | a granulocytic, bilobed leukocyte somewhat larger than a neutrophil characterized by large numbers of coarse, refractile, cytoplasmic granules that stain with the acid dye eosin |
| heme | the pigmented, iron-containing, nonprotein portion of the hemoglobin molecule. Heme binds and carries oxygen in the RBC's, releasing it to tissues that give off excess amounts of CO2 |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
| T cells | cells important to the immune response. they mature in the thymus, then enter blood and circulate throughout the body, providing defense against disease by attacking foreign, and/or abnormal cells. |
| What are examples of granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| What are the five types of anemia? | aplastic, hemolytic, iron deficiency (most common), pernicious, sickle cell |
| -osis | condition |
| natural immunity | immunity with which we are born; also called genetic immunity |
| agglutin/o | to clump |
| What are the symptoms of anemia? | fatigue, paleness of skin, headache, fainting, tingling sensations and numbness, loss of appetite, swelling in lower extremities, dyspnea |
| blast/o, -blast | embryonic stage of development |
| immunotherapy | a special treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity. |
| What is a leukocyte, what does it do, and how is different than an erythrocyte? | WBC. It is the body's main defense against the invasion of pathogens. They are larger than erythrocytes, but fewer in #, a mature WBC has a nucleus, and it does not contain hemoglobin |
| GM-CSF | granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
| What do platelets release during the process of clotting? | thromboplastin |
| What does lymph do as it passes through the stationary lymph nodes? | old, dead cells and bacteria present are filtered out, macrophages engulf and destroy any bacteria present. |
| allergen | a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body. |
| coagulation | the process of transforming a liquid into a solid, especially of the blood. |
| -phage; phag/o | to eat |
| serum | also called blood serum. The clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation. Serum contains no blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen |
| HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
| anisocytosis | an abnormal condition of the blood characterized by red blood cells of variable and abnormal size. |
| What is leukemia? | exessive uncontrolled increase in number of immature WBC's in the blood which eventually leads to infection, anemia and thrombocytopenia (reduction in platelets) |
| pancytopenia | a marked reduction in the number of the RBC's, WBC's, and platelets |
| hemorrhage | a loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally. it can be arterial, venous, or capillary. |
| What do the lymph capillaries do? | pick up accumulated interstitial fluid and return it to the blood |
| What is similar between granulocytes and agranulocytes in the way they fight infection? different? | They both engulf and destroy bacteria. However agranulocytes can also produce antibodies that destroy bacteria and viruses. |
| -philia | attraction to |
| edema | the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues |
| immunization | the process of creating immunity to a specific disease |
| What is assessed with the Hct? | the RBC % in total blood volume, this is affected by such factors as dehydration, drugs, and high altitude |
| heparin | a naturally occurring anticlotting factor present in the body |
| What are the smallest lymph vessels? | lymph capillaries |
| -stasis | stopping or controlling |
| aniso- | unequal |
| -poiesis | formation |
| spher/o | round; sphere |
| AHF | antihemophilic factor |
| AHG | antihemolytic globulin |
| What are lymph nodes? | collections of lymphatic tissue, also called lymph glands |
| What does the PTT test for? | evaluates blood clotting factors in the blood, determines how long it takes for fibrin clots to form, used to monitor heparin therapy |
| What is an erythrocyte, what does it look like, and what does it do? | Red Blood Cell, tiny biconcave-shaped disks, thinner in center than around edges, there is no nucleus in a mature RBC, life span 120 days, formed in bone marrow, main component hemoglobin. its primary function is to transport O2 & CO2. |
| thrombus | a clot |
| ALL | acute lymphatic leukemia |
| hematology | the scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissues |
| mono. | monocyte |
| allergy | a hypersensitive reaction to normally harmless antigens, most of which are environmental. |
| -penia | decrease in; deficiency |
| pica | a craving to eat unusual, non-food substances, including but not limited to things such as clay, dirt, starch, chalk, glue, ice, and hair. this appetite disorder occurs w/ some nutritional deficiencies (iron deficiency anemia)& can occur w/pg |
| What are the four parts of the lymphatic system? | lymph fluid, lymph vessels, lymph nodes (lymph glands), lymphatic organs |
| basophil | a granulocytic white blood cell characerized by cytoplasmic granules that stain blue when exposed to a basic dye. (1% or less of WBC) |
| hemostasis | the termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by the complex coagulation process of the body, consisting of vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and thrombin and fibrin synthesis |
| electrophoresis | the movement of charged suspended particles through a liquid medium in response to changes in an electric field. Charged particles of a given substance migrate in a predictable direction and at a characteristic speed |
| eos. | eosinophil |
| globulin | a plasma protein made in the liver. Globulin helps in the synthesis of antibodies. |
| WBC | white blood cell (leukocyte) |
| globin | a group of four globulin protein molecules that become bound by the iron in heme molecules to form hemoglobin |
| PMN | polymorphonuclear neutrophil (leukocytes) |
| lymph | lymphocyte |
| What are the two concerns with the Rh factor? | 1. if Rh- blood exposed to Rh+ blood via transfusion, then the next transfusion, agglutination could occur. 2. Rh- mom giving birth to Rh+ baby can cause destruction of the fetal RBC's |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| hemoglobin | A complex protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and co2 away from the cells to the lungs. |
| What is tested with the DIFF? | It is the measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBC's present in one cubic mm of peripheral blood, it msrs neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, & basophils |
| leukocyte | a WBC, one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system |
| What two things make up blood, and what is the percentage of each in the blood? | Plasma (55%), Formed elements (45%) |
| What does the spleen do? | plays an important role in the immune response by filtering blood by removing pathogens & old RBC's |
| What does a bone marrow biopsy look for? | evaluates the number, shape, and size of the RBC's, WBC's, and platelet precursors. This is used to dx leukemias, some anemias, and decreased platelet counts. |
| What are the two categories of leukocytes? | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| What is immunization? | process of creating immunity to a specific disease |
| What does thrombin do? | converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| What are some pathological conditions of the lymphatic system? | AIDS, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Lymphoma, mononucleosis |
| What are the three lymphatic organs? | thymus, spleen, and tonsils |
| What is bleeding time? | measurement of time required for bleeding to stop, especially relevant in pts taking blood thinners |
| antigens | a substance, usually a protein, that causes the formation of an antibody and reacts specifically with that antibody. |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| What does the thymus do? | secretes thymosin - stimulates red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes (T-cells) which is important in immune response, the T-cells mature in the thymus |
| immun/o | immune; protection |
| granulocyte | a type of leukocyte characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules |
| hemolysis | the breakdown of RBC's and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of a red cell |
| immunity | the state of being resistant to or protected from a disease. The individual is said to be "immune" |
| thrombin | an enzyme formed form prothrombin, calcium, and thromboplastin in plasma during the clotting process. It causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin, which is essential in the formation of a clot. |
| eosin/o | red, rosy |
| -oid | resembling |
| leukocytopenia | an abnormal decrease in number of WBC's to fewer than 5000 cells per cubic millimeter |
| What is the fluid inside the lymphatic vessel known as? | lymph |
| coagul/o | clotting |
| differentiation | a process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues are systemically modified and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms, physiologic functions, and chemical properties |
| hyperalbuminemia | an increased level of albumin in the blood |
| erythropoiesis | the process of RBC production |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| Ag | antigen |
| hyperlipemia, hyperlipidemia | an excessive level of blood fats, usually caused by lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins |
| What are the differences in human blood type due to? | the presence or absence of protein molecules |
| immune reaction (immune response) | a defense function of the body that produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies |
| antibodies | substances produced by the body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances. |
| megakaryocyte | an extrememly large bone marrow cell |
| erythremia | an abnormal increase in the number of RBC's |
| AML | acute myelogenous leukemia |
| What is an immune reaction? | defense mechanism of the body, produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies |
| Where is the spleen located? | in the LUQ, just below diaphragm, behind stomach |
| hem/o; hemat/o | blood |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland |
| What is Polycythemia Vera? | abnormal increase in the number of RBC's, granulocytes, and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity resulting in congestion in spleen and liver |
| What is another name for thrombocyte, and what is its purpose? | platelets, responsible for the clotting of the blood |
| Where do lymph capillaries originate? | in the tissue spaces as blind-ended sacs |
| corpuscle | any cell of the body; a red or white blood cell |
| phagocytosis | the process of a cell engulfing and destroying bacteria |
| anaphylaxis | an exaggerated life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen. |
| What are the diagnostic tests for AIDS? | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Western blot. |
| susceptible | a state of having a lack of resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents. |
| platelet | a clotting cell; a thrombocyte |
