| Question | Answer |
| What are the primary functions of the skeletal
system? | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage,
and blood cell production. |
| What are the cell types in bone and what are their
functions? | Osteoblasts (bone formation), osteocytes (maintain
bone tissue), and osteoclasts (bone resorption). |
| What is the study of bones called? | Osteology |
| How many major bones are there in the skeletal
system? | 206. |
| What other than bones is included in the skeletal
system? | Cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissue. |
| What are the three processes that the skeletal
system undergoes?
Growth, remodeling, and ______? | Growth, remodeling, and repair. |
| What does the skeletal system store? | Minerals and lipids. |
| What are the different types of bones based on their
shape? | Flat, long, short, irregular, and sesamoid bones. |
| What is the function of sutural bones? | To fill the gaps between cranial bones. |
| This type of bone consist of a shaft (diaphysis) with two ends (epiphyses) | Long bone |
| What is the other name for sutural bones? | Wormian bones |
| What is the function of vertebrae? | To protect the spinal cord. |
| What is the function of the parietal bone? | To form the roof and sides of the skull. |
| What are the bones that make up the wrist called? hint: _____tunnel syndrome | Carpal bones |
| What are the two layers of the skull called? | External table and internal table. |
| What is the layer of spongy bone between the
external and internal tables of the skull called? | Diploë. |
| What is the bone in the upper arm called? | Humerus |
| What is the function of sutures? and what is the term used to describe bones that form
sutures? | The function on sultres:To connect cranial bones together.
Type of bone that forms sultres: Sutural bones. |
| What are flat bones? | Bones that are thin and flat, such as the sternum and scapula. |
| What are sesamoid bones? | Roundish Bones that are embedded within tendons, such as
the patella (kneecap). |
| Can you give examples of irregular bones? | pinal vertebrae, pelvic bones, and several bones in the skull. |
| What is the shape of short bones? | Boxlike with approximately equal dimensions. |
| What are the examples of short bones? | Carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones. |
| What is the shape of the borders of sutural bones? | Like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. |
| What are flat bones? | Bones that have thin, parallel surfaces. |
| What are the two types of bone markings? | 1. Elevations/projections and
2. Depressions/grooves/tunnels. |
| What are the cell types in bone and what are their
functions?
Osteoblasts (build bone), osteocytes (maintain
bone), and osteoclasts (break down bone). | Osteoblasts (build bone), osteocytes (maintain
bone), osteogenitor cells (make osteoblasts) and osteoclasts (break down bone). |
| What is the function of elevations/projections on
bones? | To provide attachment points for tendons and
ligaments. |
| What is the function of depressions/grooves/tunnels
on bones? | To allow blood vessels or nerves to lie alongside or
penetrate the bone. |
| What is the classification of bone markings based
on?
Based on their shape and ______? | Based on their shape and function. |
| What is the difference between compact and
spongy bone? | Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of
bones, while spongy bone is porous and found
inside bones. Spongy bone is also where blood
cells are produced. |
| What are the components of bone matrix? | Collagen(organic), hydroxyapatite crystals(inorganic), and ground substance |
| The composition of bone mass is ____organic and ____inorganic | The composition of bone mass is 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic |
| What is the name of the crystal formed by the
interaction of calcium phosphate and calcium
hydroxide in bone matrix? | Hydroxyapatite. |
| What is the main material secreted by osteoblasts
in bone matrix and What percentage of the organic component of bone
matrix is made up of collagen fibers? | Collagen fibers and 90-95%. |
| What happens to calcium phosphate crystals when
exposed to bending, twisting, or sudden impacts? | They shatter. |
| What is the structure of the bone matrix? | The bone matrix is a three-dimensional array of
collagen molecules that lie in a staggered
arrangement, which acts as a template for bone
mineralization. |
| Explain the staggered
arrangement of the bone matrix | The staggered arrangement allows for a template for bone mineralization because the gaps of the collagen fibred are filled in by Hydroxyapatite crystals |
| What % is taken up by bone cells | 2% |
| What do osteoclasts secrete? They secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes. | They secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes. |
| What is the role of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in
bone homeostasis? | Osteoclasts constantly remove matrix while
osteoblasts always add, maintaining homeostatic
balance. |
| What happens when osteoclasts work faster? | When osteoclasts work faster, they remove calcium
salts faster, leading to weaker bones. |
| What happens when osteoblasts work faster? | When osteoblasts work faster, they add more
matrix, leading to stronger bones. |
| What is the function of osteogenic cells? | To divide and produce osteoblasts. |
| What are the pockets called that contain bone cells
(osteocytes)? | The pockets are called lacunae. and are surrounded between layers of the
matrix (lamellae) |
| What is typically organized around blood vessels
that branch through bony matrix? | Lacunae are typically organized around blood
vessels that branch through bony matrix. |
| What is bone tissue? | Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue. |
| What are the functions of the skeletal sysem? hint: SSBPL | Support
Storage (of minerals and lipids)
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage |
| What are the two types of bone tissue? | Compact and spongy bone. |
| What is the basic functional unit of compact bone? | Osteon. |
| What is an osteon? | A unit of compact bone consisting of osteocytes
arranged concentrically around a central canal
(Haversian canal). |
| Which of these is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?
blood cell production
movement
protection
storage of minerals and lipids | movement |
| Roger exercises. Steven does not.
Steven's hydroxyapatite-collagen combination is less than Roger's.
Roger's osteoblasts are more active than Steven's.
Roger's skeleton undergoes less osteolysis than Steven's.
All of the listed responses are correct. | All of the listed responses are correct. |
| What structural feature of compact bone prevents it from bending when forces are applied to either end? | osteons |
| If you examined an x-ray of a wrist and noticed the epiphyseal lines were closed, what could you conclude about this individual? | they are post pubesent |
| Which of these is NOT required for normal bone formation?
vitamin D
vitamin E
vitamin A
thyroxine | vitamin E |
| Connective tissue to bone is known as | intramembranous ossification |
| Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification and endochrondral ossification | |
