| Term | Definition |
| Mary Ainsworth | Emotional attachment
Her “strange situation” room that infants are placed in during attachment testing is a standard procedure.The strange situation and patterns of attachment.Secure,Anxious |
| Albert Bandura | A researcher who focused on observational learning, or modeling. Bandura showed that children learn behavior by watching others. He did a famous study involving “Bobo” dolls that demonstrated children don’t need punishment or reward to learn |
| Alfred Adler | Studied under Freud. Adler broke away from Freud. He believed that social motives, rather than sexual drives, motivated people the most. In Adler’s view, strivings for superiority drive people’s behavior. |
| Solomon Asch | Social conformity. Studied how people reacted when their perceptions of events were challenged by others. Asch found that most individuals changed their own opinions in order to agree with the group, even when the majority was clearly wrong |
| Aaron Beck | A developer of cognitive therapy. His cognitive approach to therapy emphasizes using rational thoughts to overcome fears rather than trying to uncover the unconscious meaning of those fears |
| Alfred Binet | A developer of the Binet-Simon scale
Binet intended the test to predict school performance |
| Walter Cannon | Developed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which holds that physical and emotional stimuli happen simultaneously, with no causal relationship |
| Noam Chomsky | A linguist. Chomsky performed research that led to the decline of behaviorist theories about language acquisition and encouraged researchers to study the biological bases of behavior. He proposed that humans are born with an innate language acquisition. |
| Hermann Ebbinghaus | A philosopher, psychologist, and author of On Memory. His work challenged the view that higher mental processes such as memory couldn’t be studied scientifically. Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve |
| Albert Ellis | An American psychologist who developed a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy known as rational-emotive therapy
His rational-emotive therapy is based on the idea that self-defeating thoughts cause psychological problems |
| Sigmund Freud | An Austrian neurologist and pioneer in the field of psychoanalysis
Dream Analysis
Unconscious
Id, Ego, Superego
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious. Id, Ego, Superego. Defense |
| Erik Erikson | Erikson is best-known for his 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development and the concept of the identity crisis.
his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. |
| John Garcia | He conducted a series of studies on Conditioned Taste Aversion
In these studies, he manipulated the kinds of stimuli preceding the onset of nausea and other noxious experiments in rats, using radiation to artificially induce the nausea |
| Howard Gardner | A developmental psychologist whose research focuses on creativity in adults and children
Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligences, which has been highly influential among educators |
| Harry Harlow | Professor Harlow’s research developed an abundant supply of primate learning tests
Harlow’s famous wire/cloth “mother” monkey studies demonstrated that the need for affection created a stronger bond between mother and infant than did physical needs |
| Karen Horney | She was a pioneering theorist in personality, psychoanalysis, and “feminine psychology.”
Anxiety is created by anything that jeopardizes a person’s means of gaining security
The neurotic’s rigid adherence to his safety devices protects him in some ways |
| William James | An American philosopher and psychologist
James believed that the experience of emotion arises from bodily expression
According to his view, people are said BECAUSE they cry
Contributed to development of the James-Lange theory of emotion |
| Carl Jung | Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist who was a friend and follower of Freud
Jung broke away from Freud in the 1910s because of a bitter theoretical disagreement
Collective unconscious- contains universal human memories |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | A major figure in moral psychology and moral education
Kohlberg had a passionate commitment to building a just society
Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development |
| Abraham Maslow | Leader in the field of humanistic psychology
Believed human beings’ needs are arranged like a ladder,Self-Actualization |
| Stanley Milgram | Conductor of a famous, controversial research study of obedience to authority. Found that his experiment subjects were willing to cause serious harm and suffering to others if instructed to do so by an authority figure. Milgram had to deceive his subjects |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical Conditioning
Pavlov made his most famous discovery while studying how dog saliva related to the function of the stomach.
He repeatedly gave a dog food after ringing a bell. The dog began to salivate for false alarms too. |
| Jean Piaget | Developmental psychologists
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of tests to reveal cognitive abilities |
| Carl Rogers | An American psychologist who proposed the person-centered or client-centered theory of psychology. Rogers asserted that people’s self-concepts determine their behavior and relationships with others. Client-Therapist Relationship |
| Elizabeth Kubler | She identified 5 stages of psychological adjustment
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance |
| Stanley Schachter | The developers of the two-factor theory of emotion
Schachter and Singer believed that emotions come both from psychological stimuli and the cognitive interpretation of that stimuli |
| Martin Seligman | Pioneer in the field of “positive psychology,” the study of what makes people happy and good.
Contrasts traditional clinical psychology, which focuses on what makes people distressed
Discovered the phenomenon of learned helplessness in dogs |
| Hans Selye | A Viennese-born endocrinologist who pioneered the field of stress research
Concluded that physiological response to stress is nonspecific
General Adaptation Syndrome – Alarm Resistance Exhaustion (GAS-ARE) |
| B.F. Skinner | Behavioral psychologist who built on Pavlov’s work to develop theories of operant behavior
Skinner studied operant conditioning by using the Skinner Box |
| Charles Spearman | Cognitive psychologist who theorized the existence of a general type of intelligence, the “g” factor, that underlies all types of intelligence
General Intelligence Theory |
| Robert Sternberg | The developer of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Proposed there are three aspects to intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual |
| Lewis Terman | A developer of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916, a revision of the Binet-Simon scale.
Believed in the existence of innate differences in intelligence and supported the eugenics movement of his time
Lewis Terman’s “Termites” |
| Edward Thorndike | Studied learning and classical conditioning, primarily in animals
Formulated the Law of Effect- any behavior that is followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated, while any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to stop. |
| John Watson | Founder of a school of psychology known as behaviorism
Watson studied the effects of conditioning on children
One of his most famous experiments involved conditioning a child named Little Albert to fear white, furry objects |
| David Wechsler | Designed the first intelligence test specifically for adults
Called the test the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Also devised a test for children called the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Best known for establishing the first psychology lab in Liepzig, Germany, generally considered the official beginning of psychology as a field of science separate from philosophy
Father of Psychology, so…
Turn down for Wundt?! |
