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| Sociology | Study of social interactions at a variety of levels |
| Sociology Variety of Levels
Individuals:
Group:
Nations: | *Siblings, teammates
*Rival Gangs, Greeks, and GDI
*War |
| Is interaction patterned and regular? | We are more alike than we are different |
| Nacarima | Between Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbeans.
Washington |
| Empirical Information | Information based on observation, experiments, or experiences |
| Private and Secret Rites | Potty Training |
| Ritual Shrine Centers | Bathroom |
| Chest of Magic Potions | Medicine cabinet |
| Specialized Practitioner | Doctor |
| Male Daily Ritual | Shaving |
| "listener" wich doctor | Sociologist/therapist |
| Why do we need sociology? | Makes what seems obvious real (data) |
| Common sense does what? | Ignores fatcs, subjective, contradictory, varies across groups and culutres, myth and misconceptions.
Many common sense ideas are false. |
| Systematic Study | Shows us what really happens (common sense) |
| What freshman REALLY like? | Rebekah Nathan
Terrorism |
| Social Imagination | the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular |
| C. Wright Mills???????????? | Connect individual lives and larger social influences
Personal troubles (biography)
Structural Issues (Historical) |
| Questions Sociologist ask | How much?
What?
Where?
When?
Why? |
| Microsociology | Small-Scale patterns of individuals' social interactions in specific settings EX: How a city responds Specific Question |
| Macrosociology | Large Scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole EX: How a state responds Big Question |
| Why is sociology important? | Informed decisions EX: Should we live together before marriage?
Understand diversity EX: Who are the non-Hispanic whites?
Evaluate policies EX: Should OU adopt living wage policy?
Think critically EX: Seeing race gender affects opinion? |
| Theory | a set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs.
Pattered Behavior in a society. |
| Auguste Comte | "Father of Sociology" Physics
Empirical Study of society {Positivism}
Analyzed social statics (same) and dynamics (different) |
| Emile Durkheim | Conducted a study on suicide and social integration [French]
Social facts, Social solidarity, & Division of labor |
| Social facts | Aspects of life external to the individual. UD: External forces [Dr. D+him wanting a convertible= shoveling snow] |
| Social solidarity | Cohesion and harmony UD: How society comes together that creates social harmony [9/11 brought people to church]
*The social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, or religion. [Durkheim] |
| Division of labor | Interdependence of different task and occupations UD: Not connected to society [Suicide] EX: Students, faculty, staff, family |
| Karl Marx | German-----Alienation
Diagram on Capitalism
Conflict Theory!! [conflict would result from widespread economic inequality]
Class conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat
Exploitation EX: Work hard get ahead |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which ownership of the means production is in private hands |
| Bourgeoisie
Proletariat | Middle class
Workers or working class |
| Functionalism | Society is a complex system.
Interdependent part.
Work together for a society's survival.
Functions are purposeful and activities to meet different needs that contribute to a society stability!! |
| Manifest function | Intended and recognized EX: Why do we have a prison? |
| Latent function | Unintended and Unrecognized EX: Positive things that happen in prisons? |
| Dysfunctions | Negative impacts EX: Negative things like expensive, families get punished |
| Max Weber (Vay-ber) | How people interact?
Versthen- [being] subjective Understanding in a deep way [behavior]
Value-free sociology [anti positivism] |
| Conflict Theory | How groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scare resources!
"haves" dominate in social, political and economic activities over the "have-nots" [Macro]
*How inequalities contribute to social differences and
perpetuate differences in power |
| Feminist Theories | Explain the social, economic, and political position of women in society!
Premise: Women suffer injustice because of their sex.
Goal: Free women from traditionally oppressive expectations and constraints. |
| Symbolic Interactionism | How individuals everyday behavior and communication through symbols and shared meanings.
Micro-level perspective.
Interactionists see society as socially constructed! |
| Quantitative | Quantity (number) EX: Statistic #'s |
| Qualitative | Interviews, focus groups, anaylisis of content sources EX: Qualitity |
| Symbolic Interactionism | One-to-one interactions and communications [Micro]
Max Weber- dramaturgical analysis: Ex: Thearte |
| Paradigms | are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations,
and the experiments performed in support of them. |
| Structural Functionalism | [Macro or mid]
How each part of society functions together to contribute
to the whole.
Dynamic Equilibrium |
| List three Sociological Paradigm | Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, & Structural Functionalism |
| antipositivism | the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values |
| empirical evidence | evidence corroborated by direct experiences and or observation. |
| Why is Social research important? | Examines human behavior.
Involves the objective gathering of data.
Is guided by rules and procedures (Ethics) |
| What is the scientific method? | 1. ask questions
2. research existing sources
3. formulate a hypotheses
4. design + conduct a study
5. draw a conclusion
6. report results |
| How do sociologist do research? | Ask a question + Test the hypothesis |
| What is the research process? | ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? |
| Describe different data collection methods. | Surveys, secondary analysis, field research, content analysis, experiment, evaluation research??????????????????? |
| What are the ethical considerations of doing research? | Do no [harm].
Get the subjects' [informed] consent.
Protect subjects [confidentiality]. |
| Independent Variables | The Cause of the change. |
| Dependent Variable | The effect, or thing that is changed. |
| Validity | The degree to which a sociologist measure accurately reflects the topic of study |
| Hawthorne effect | People changing their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study. |
| Survey | Questionaires and interviews.
Collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire |
| Field Research | Gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experience or a survey. |
| Correlation | When a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation. |
| Secondary Analysis | Examines data that have been collected by someone else. Includes historical materials, personal documents, public records, and official statistics. |
| Participant Observation | When a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective |
| Ethnography | The extended observation of the social perspective and cultural values of an entire social setting.
Involve objective observation of an entire community. |
| Case study | Is an in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual |
| Experiments | The testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions.
Experimental group- exposed to the independent variable.
Controlled group- not exposed |
| Nonreactive (or unobtrusive) Research | meaning that it does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people’s behaviors. |
| Content Analysis | Applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as they relate to the study at hand.
*Analyzing speeches, song, diaries, songs, e-mails* |
| Hypothesis | Statement of a relationship between two or more variable. |
| Non-profitable Sample | Researchers rely on convenience or availabilty |
| The terms________&________ are often used interchangeably, but have nuances that differentiated them | Culture & Society |
| Culture | the learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize particular group or society
*** the beliefs and behaviors that a social group shares*** |
| Society | A group that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit.
***describes a group of people who share a community and a culture*** |
| Material Culture | Tangible objects that members of a society makes, use, and share. |
| Non-material Culture | Shared set of meaning used to interpret and understand the world |
| Symbols | Anything that takes stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.
**Words, gestures, visual images, physical objects** |
| Language | Shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another |
| Values | A culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society (beliefs) |
| Ethnocentrism | To evaluate another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture |
| Xenocentrism | A belief that another culture is superior to one’s own |
| Norms | Rues of right and wrong behavior. What we should do or should not do. |
| What three types of Norms | Folkways, Mores, and Laws |
| Folkways
Mores
Laws | Not critical, may be broken without severe punishment.
Very important, maintain morals and ethics (murder/thieve)
Defined ans enforced by political authority |
| Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? | The study of society and social interaction |
| C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological ______________ to study how society affects individuals. | tool |
| A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: | interact |
| Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: | identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure |
| Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? | Economics |
| Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle? | Karl Marx |
| The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: | whether sociological studies can predict or improve society |
| Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data? | a large survey |
| Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: | their culture |
| Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: | Symbolic interactionalism |
| A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: | theoretic roles |
| Who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism? | Herbert Blumer |
| Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle? | Karl Marx |
| Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? | participant survey |
| Kenneth and Mamie Clark used sociological research to show that segregation was: | harmful |
| Studying Sociology helps people analyze data because they learn | interview techniques
to apply statistics
to generate theories
4)
all of the above |
| Berger describes sociologists as concerned with: | monumental moments in people’s lives
common everyday life events
both a and b |
