| Question | Answer |
| Nares | openings of the nose |
| Conchae | three projections arising from the lateral walls of each nasal cavity |
| Bronchus | one of the two branches formed by division of the trachea |
| Hilum | notch or depression where the bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves enter the lung |
| Bronchiole | small air-conducting tube containing a smooth muscle layer but little or no cartilage |
| Surfactant | substance in the fluid lining the alveoli that prevents their collapse |
| Exhalation | phase of pulmonary ventilation in which air is expelled from the alveoli |
| Inhalation | phase of pulmonary ventilation in which the diaphragm contracts |
| Pleura | serous membrane around each lung |
| Alveoli | the only respiratory structures involved in external gas exchange |
| Tidal volume | amount of air inhaled during a normal breath |
| Compliance | ease with which the lungs and thorax can be expanded |
| Vital capacity | maximun volume of air that can be inhaled after maximum expiration |
| Diffusion | process by which oxygen moves from the blood into tissues |
| Carbon dioxide | substrate for carbonic anhydrase |
| Bicarbonate ion | important blood buffer produced from carbon dioxide |
| Hemoglobin | substance that carries most of the oxygen in the blood |
| Oxygen | gas that is more concentrated in the blood than in metabolically active tissues |
| Hydrogen ion | an ion that renders blood more acidic |
| Hypoxia | lower than normal concentration of oxygen in tissues |
| Dyspnea | symptom of difficult or labored breathing |
| Hydrogen ion | substance that acts directly on the central chemoreceptors to stimulate breathing |
| Hypocapnia | the change in carbon dioxide concentration resulting from hyperventilation |
| Hypoxemia | a lower than normal blood concentration of oxygen |
| Brain stem | location of the central chemoreceptors |
| Hypercapnia | an increase in the blood carbon dioxide concentration |
| Aortic arch | location of a peripheral chemoreceptor |
| Acute coryza | technical name for the common cold, based on the discharge of fluid from the nose |
| Effusion | collection of fluid, as may occur in the pleural space |
| Lobar pneumonia | a bacterial or viral infection that affects an entire lung at once |
| TB | infectious lung disease characterized by the presence of small lung lesions |
| Hay fever | an allergic reaction that affects the upper respiratory tract and eyes |
| Asthma | an allergic reaction that affects the bronchial tubes |
| Croup | a condition in young children in which the airways are constricted as a result of a viral infection |
| Emphysema | destruction of the alveoli of dthe lungs often related to heavy smoking |
| Tracheotomy | an operation to insert a metal or plastic tube into the trachea to serve as an airway for ventilation |
| Bronchoscope | instrument used to inspect the bronchi and their branches |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the serous membrane covering the lungs |
| Hemothorax | accumulation of blood in the pleural space |
| Atelectasis | scientific term for a collapsed lung |
| Chronic bronchitis | a type of COPD in which the airways are continually inflamed |
| SIDS | scientific term for "crib death" |
| External exchange of gases | Carbon dioxide will diffuse out of blood during the phase of respiration |
| Deviated septum | structural defect of the partition in the nose |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | rhythmic abnormality in breathing that is seen in critically ill patients |
| Hay Fever | allergic rhinitis is the medical term |
| An increase in blood carbon dioxide levels would result in what? | more hydrogen ions in the blood |
| Upper respiratory infections: | Croup, RSV, acute coryza |
| Surfactant | substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli |
| Residual volume | amount of air that is always in the lungs, even after a maximal expiration |
| Pneumothorax | presence of air in the pleural space |
| Glottis | space between the vocal cords |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the membranes around the lungs |
| Partial pressure | term that is used for the pressure of each gas in a mixture of gases |
| Each heme region of a hemoglobin molecule contains an inorganic element called? | Iron |
| Pneumonia | certain diplococci, staphylococci, chlamydias, and viruses may caouse an inflammation of the lungs |
| organism that causes tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| nerve that innervates the diaphragm | Phrenic nerve |
| Hypercapnia results in greater blood acidity. | Most oxygen in the blood is carried bound to hemoglobin |
| The wall of an alveolus is made of simple squamous epithelium | Durning internal exchange of gases, oxygen moves down its concentration gradient out of blood. |
| Chemoreceptors | receptors that detect changes in blood gas concentrations |
| The alveoli become filled with exudate in patients suffering from pneumonia. | Inhalation alway involves muscle contraction |
| Polyp | tumor resulting from chronic sinusitis that obstructs air movement |
| Hyperventilation results in a decrease of carbon dioxide in the blood. | (blank) |
