| Question | Answer |
| In chemical communication between cells, a _____ cell secretes a chemical messenger that binds to ____ on the ____ cell. | secretory
Receptors
target |
| Direct communication between cells in contact with one another is accomplished through | gap junctions |
| Which is the most general type of chemical messenger that is released form one cell and binds to receptors on neighboring cells? | paracrine |
| Which type of chemical messenger, when released, binds to receptors on the cell that released the chemical messenger? | autocrine |
| Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where it can affect target cells throughout the body? | hormone |
| Which type of chemical messenger is released from the axon terminal of a neuron and directly stimulates other cells? | neurotransmitter |
| Communication across a synapse is initiated by the release of a neurotransmitter from ____ region of the neuron | axon terminal |
| Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which is released from the posterior pituitary, is an example of this type of chemical messenger | neurohormone |
| Interlukins and interferons are examples of _____ released form white blood cells | cytokine |
| Which of the following classes of chemical messengers moves to the target cell by diffusion?
paracrine
hromone
neurotransmitter
both paracrine and neurotransmitter
all of these | both paracrine and neurotransmitter |
| Which of the following classes of chemical messengers travels in the bloodstream to the target cell
paracrine
hormone
neurotransmitter
both paracrine and hormone
all of these | hormone |
| Which of the following chemical messengers is lipophilic | prostaglandin |
| Histamine acts as a(n) ___ in inflammation | paracrine |
| Which of the following chemical messengers is not derived from an amino acid?
a. epinephrine
b. testosterone
c. histamine
d. thyroid hormones
e. both testosterone and thyroid hormones | testosterone |
| For which of the following chemical classes do all the messengers function as hormones? | steroids |
| Release of which of the following classes of chemical messengers occurs by exocytosis? | catecholamines |
| catecholamines are derived from what amino acid | tryosine |
| thyroid hormones are synthesized from what amino acid | tryosine |
| which of the following classes of chemical messengers is stored in secretory vesicle | both catecholamines and peptides/proteins |
| one a steroid is synthesized, it is _______. | immediately capable of diffusing across a membrane |
| where in the cell are peptide/protein messengers packaged into secretory vesicles | golgi apparatus |
| an equilibrium exists between a hormone that is bound to a carrier protein and a free hormone such that, as the amount of free hormone increases, ____. | more free hormone will become bound to carrier proteins |
| Hormones that are dissolved in blood typically exhibit a half-life on the order of ____, whereas hormones that are bound to carrier proteins can remain undegraded for_____. | minutes : hours |
| The adrenergic receptor has the greatest affinity for____. | epinephrine and norepinephrine equally |
| chronic exposure to a ligand (messenger) ____ the receptor population for tthat chemical messenger on the target cell | downregulates |
| Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood _____ and bind to receptors located _____. | bound to carrier proteins proteins : inside the target cell |
| a molecule that is similar in structure to a ligand (messenger and binds with that ligand's receptor to stimulate a response from the target cell is called a(n) _____. | agonist |
| the affinity of a receptor for its ligand is a measure of | the strength of binding between ligand and receptor |
