Question | Answer |
What are the Special Senses | 1. Sight 2. Sound 3. Taste 4. Equilibrium 5. Smell |
What are the General Senses | 1. Touch, Heat 2. Cold, Pain 3. Nausea, Hunger 4. Thirst, Blance and Pressure |
____ Include receptors of skin | Cutaneous Senses |
_____ Include nausea, hunger, thirst and need to urinate and defecate | Visceral Senses |
What is the function of the Eyelids | Protection and Moisterizing |
What is the function of Conjunctiva | Transparent Layer Covering your Eye |
______ Produces and stores tears and contains Lacrimal Gland and it's Corresponding Ducts | Lacrimal Apparatus |
What is the funtion of the Lacrimal Gland | Secretion of Tears |
What is the Function of the Ducts found in the Lacrimal Apparatus | Transportation |
Black Part of the Eye | Cornea |
What is the most functional part of the eye | Cornea |
White Part of the Eye | Scleara |
What is the Function of the Cornea | Transparent Covering that allows passage of light |
What is the funtion of the Scleara | Fibrous Layer for Structure / Protection |
What is the strongest part of the whole body | Iris |
Colored Part of the Eye | Iris |
What is the funtion of the Iris | Sphincter that conrols the opening (Pupil) where light passes into the eye |
Innermost layer of the eye | Retina |
Highly Vascularized and Pigmented Region of the eye that provides nourishment to the eye | Choroid |
What are the two types of Cells contained in the Retina (Photopigments) | 1. Rods 2. Cones |
Active in dim light, black and white vision | Rods |
Active in bright light, color vision | Cones |
How many Muscles are responsible for movement of each eye | 6 |
Vision Center is located in | Occipital Lobe of the Brain |
Inflammation of membrane that lines the eye | Conjunctivitis |
Clounding or Clumping of the lens | Cataract |
Increased pressure in fluid of the eye, which interferes with optic nerve function | Glaucoma |
How does the vision gradually Deteriorate in Glaucoma | Peripheral Vision is Reduced FIRST, Tunnel Vision Develops |
Damage to Retina | Retinopathy |
What can cause Retinopathy | systemic Diseases like Hypertention or DM |
Abnormalities in eyey's ability to focus | Refractive Errors |
Farsightedness | Hyperopia |
Nearsigntedness | Myopia |
Farsightedness means objects _____ appear Blurred | Up close |
Nearsightdness means objects ____ appear Blurred | At a Distance |
Presbyopia | Farsightdness that occurs with age |
Treatments for refractive errors | 1. Glasses 2. Contact Lenses 3. Surgical Techniques |
RK | Radical Keratomy |
Radical Keratopmy | Makes Incisions around cornea to reshape eyes |
LASIK | Laser-Assited Keratoileusis |
Laser-Assisted Keratomileusis | Lasers used to reshape corneal Tissue |
Amblyopia is also known as | Lazy Eye |
When does Lazy Eye Occur | In Childhood |
Nyctalopia | Difficulty seeing at night or in dim light |
Alteration in Shape of Cornea in which it becomes more oblong or football shaped than spherical; usually hereditary but can result from eye injury | Astigmatism |
Medical Term for Dry Eye Syndrome | Xeropthalmia |
Chronic lack of eye lubrication and moisture due to lack of tear production | Dry Eye Syndrome / Xeropthalmia |
This is the last stage of sleep and can be measured in sleep studies to help diagnose sleep disorders | REM |
REM | Rapid Eye Movement |
What are the parts of the Ear | 1. External Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Internal Ear, or labyrinth |
External Ear starts with ____ and Ends with _____ | Pinna; Tympanic Membrane |
Function of External Ear | Conduction of Sound |
External Ear contains | Cerumen / Ear Wax |
Middle Ear Starts with _____ and ends with _____ | Tympanic Membrane; Oval Window |
Middle Ear contains 3 bones / ossicles | 1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes |
Fucntion of the bones in the middle ear | Amplification X 22 |
In addition to the bones, the Middle Ear contains | the Opening for Eustachian Tube |
Inner Ear contains 3 spperate Hollow Maze (bony Labyrinth) | 1. Chochlea 2. Vestibule Chamber 3. Semicircular Canals |
Function of Cochlea | Hearing |
Function of Vestibule Chamber | Balance |
Function of Semicircular Canals | Balance and Equilibrium |
Vestibular and Cochlear Componet Combine together to form | Vestibulo-Cochlear Neve (8th Cranial Nerve) |
Types of Hearing / Conduction | 1. Air Conduction 2. Bone Conduction 3. Sensorineural Conduction |
The liver breaks down glycogen into _____ | Glucose |
______ is due to a decrease in insulin secreation or decreased sensitivity to insulin | Diabetes Mellitus |
_____ hormone stimulates tissue growth | Growth |
The pancreas secretes _____ and _____ | Insulin and Glucose |
The _____ gland secretes thyroxine | Thyroid |
Chemical Messengers released by endocrine glands are called _____ | hormones |
_____ moves calcium into bones | Calcitonin |
____ feedback increases the magnitude of change | Positive |
The ideal value for a body characteristic is called a _____ | Set Point |
The hormone that decreases urination is ______ hormone | Anti-Diuretic |
_______ Hormone stimulates sperm production | Lutenizing |
Uterine contractions are increased by the hormone _____ | Oxytocin |
The _____ gland is located in the upper thorax | Thymus |
______ tissue uses gluclose from blood to form fat | Adipose |
The ______ within the brian controls temperature | Hypothalamus |
Many organs can secrete hormones and therefore have ______ - like functions | Endocrine |
Addison's disease is caused by insufficient production of ____ corticosteroids | Adrenal |
Appropriate blood glucose levels are vital for cellular _____ | Respiration |
If GH secretion is insufficient during childhood, children do not grow to the standard height. This is a type of _____ | Dwarfism |
If stress becomes chronic, the secretion of ______ and cortisol becomes pathological | Epinephrine |
Hypopituitarism causes loss of any or all anterior ______ hormones, including ACTH, GH, LH, and TSH, causing a variety of symptoms. | Pituitary |
Stature disorders result in well-below average height (called _____ ) or well-above normal height (called gigantism) | Dwarfism |
Cushing's syndrome is caused by over-secretion of _____ | Cortisol |
The adrenal cortex makes dozen of steriod hormones known collectively as ______ | adrenocorticosteriods |
Glucagon puts glucose into the bloodstream mainly by directing the liver to release stored glucose in the form of _____ | Glycogen |
The ______ is largely responsible for maintaining blood sugar (glucose)levels at or near a set point | Pancreas |
The adrenal glands are split into two region: the adrenal cortex, an outer layer, and the _____ the middle of the gland | Adrenal Medulla |
______ triggers our sleep by peaking at night and causing drowsiness | Melatonin |
The _____ gland, locatedd in the anterior portion of your neck and is responsible for secreting the hormones thyroxine (t4) and thriiodothyronine (t3), under orders from the pituitary gland | Thyroid |
If any of the body's dozens of homeostatic values become seriously disrupted, the control systems work to bring them back to set point. This process is called _______ | Negative Feedback |
One special class of hormones, ____ is particularly powerful because they can bind to sites inside cells by passing eaisly through the target cell membrane | Steriods |
The male gonad is responsible for secreting the hormone ____ | Testosterone |
_______ , the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is also an autoimmune disorder | Graves Disease |
Diabetes insipidus is typically caused by an underproduction of ADH due to noncancerous _____ tumors | Pituitary |
Generally, excessive _____ is the only symptom of diabetes insipidus | Urination |
Hypopituitarism is characterized by the loss of any of all ____ pituitary hormones | Anterior |
Stature disorders that result in well-below-average height are called _____ | dwarfism |
Oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults, after bones have stopped growing, causes _____ | Acromegaly |
The most common cause of hypothyroidism is ______ | Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
A common symptom of hyperthyroidism is _____ | Grave's Disease |
A _____ is the enlargement of the thyroid and can be the result of either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism | Goiter |
______ is the primary side effect of insulin therapy | Hypoglycemia |
If not resolved, _____ can progress to cause mental confusion, seizures, coma and even death | Hypoglycemia |
_____ is caused by insufficient production of adrenal corticosteroids | Addison's Disease |
______ causes excess cortisol in response to stressors | Chronic Stress |
____ levels are increased during periods of stress | Cortisol |
Chronic stress causes both physiological and _____ changes | Psychological |
The ____ is the colored part of the eye | iris |
The vitreous humor is in the chamber of the eye ____ the lense | behind |
The globe-shaped organ of vision is the _____ | eyeball |
The ____ is the opening through which light passes into the eye | Cornea |
____ is a disease characterized by increased pressure in the eye | Glaucoma |
Nearsightedness is called ____ | Myopia |
Lazy eye is called _____ | Amblyopia |
If the eye cannot focus on nearby objects, the condition is called _____ or hyperopia | Farsightedness |
Pinkeye is a medical condition called | Conjunctivitis |
A clouded lens is called a | Cataract |
The bones of the middle ear are the Malleus,Incus and ____ | Stapes |
The _____ is the external part of the ear | Auricle (Pinna) |
The eardrum is also called the ______ membrane | Tympanic |
The tube in the middle ear is called the ______ | Eustachain Tube |
Acute Conjunctivitis is commonly called _____ and is caused by staphlyococcus aureus | Pink Eye |
Mastoiditis can potentially lead to _____ infections | Brain |
In glaucoma, peripheral vision is reduced, which eventually progresses to ____ vision and then blindness | Tunnel |
Otitis Media can perforate the _____ membrane (Eardrum) | Tympanic |
Red/green color blindness is an x-linked disorder, so more _____ get the condition | men |
Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the ____ ear and is usually caused by infections and can cause vertigo | inner |
Motion sickness occurs in response to excessive stimulation of the _____ receptors in the ears | propioception |
Tinnitus can be caused by some medications, wax buildup, or various disturbances to the _____ nerve | Auditory |
Hyperopia is when te eye cannot focus properly on _____ objects | Close |
Chronic conjunctivitis is caused by _____ trachomatis | Chlamydia |
Tinnitus can occur as a result of chronic exposure to loud ____ | noises |
The ____ or colored part of the eye helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye | iris |
The projecting part of the ear which collects and directs sound waves into the autitory canal is called the pinna or ____ | External Ear |
_____ (farsightedness) occurs when the eye cannot focus properly on nearby objects | Hyperopia |
The ______ begins the inner ear and carries the amplified vibrations from the tympanic ossicles | Oval Window |
Continued sensory stimulation causes some sensors to desensitize in an interesting phenomena called _____ | Adaptation |
Pain receptors are also called ____ | Nociceptors |
Pain is felt for as long as the stimulus is there that is causing it or unless a person is under ____ | Anesthesia |
The _____ glands produce tears, spread over the eye surfaces by blinking, which are needed for constant cleansing and lubrication | Lacrimal |
The sclera contains a specialized portion called the _____ which is trasparent to allow light rays to pass into the eye | Cornea |
______ is caused by increased pressure in the fluid of the eye, which interferes with optic nerve functioning | Claucoma |
______ in an inflammation of the membrane that lines the eye characterized by pink or red swollen eyes | Conjuctivitis |
The acute infective phase of conjunctivits is commonly called | Pink Eye |
Chronic conjunctivitis is called | Trachoma |
A _____ is a condition in which the lens loses its flexibility and transparency and light cannot pass through the clouded lens | Catarct |
_____ is the reduction or loss of central vision in which the peripheral vision is unaffected | Macular Degeneration |
_____ is the degeneration of the retina, which can cause difficulty seeing at night or in dim light | Nyctalopia |
______ is an ifection of the ears caused by bacteria and fungi | External Otitis |
_____ is an acute infection of the middle ear, commonly caused by a bacteria or virus, and is frequently found in infants and young children | Otitis Media |
_____ is frequently associated with an Upper Respiratory Infection such as the common cold | Otitis Media |
If left untreated, otitis media can cause a perforation of the ______ or eardrum | Tympanic Membrane |
_____ is an inflammation of the inner ear and is usually caused by infections | Labyrinthitis |
_____ is a chronic condition that affects the labyrinth and leads to progressive hearing loss and vertigo | Meniere's Disease |
____ can be either partial or complete andn is caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from inflammation and scarring of the tympanic membrane to auditory nerve and brain damage | Deafness |
Clinically, _____ can occur as a result of chronic exposure to loud noises, Meniere's Disease, some medications, wax build-up, or various disturbances to the auditory nerve | Tinnitus |
Pineal Gland secretes what hormone | Melatonin |
What does Melatonin control | Sleep and Wake |
What does Hypothalamus produce | ADH and Oxytocin |
Hypothalamus secretes What | Regulatory Hormones |
What does Hypothalamus Effect | Controls Pituitary Hormone Levels |
What are the two types of the Pituitary Gland | Anterior and Posterior |
What hormone does the Posterior Pituitary release | Oxytocin and ADH |
What does Pituitary effect | Controls other endocrine organs |
Parathyroid Gland releases what hormone | Parathyroid Hormone |
What does the Parathyroid Gland control | Calcium Homeostasis |
Where are parathyroid glands located | either side of the thyroid |
What are the sections of the Adrenal Gland | Medulla and Cortex |
Inner part of the Adrenal Gland | Medulla |
Outer part of the Adrenal Gland | Cortex |
What hormone does the Medulla release | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
What hormone does the Cortex release | Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and aldoslerone |
What hormone does the Thyroid Gland release 3 Throxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin (CT) | |
Where are the Adrenal Glands located | Top of the Kidney |
What hormone does the Thymus release | Thymosin |
Who has a Thymus | Children |
What is the function of Thymus | Fight Infection; Immunity |
What hormone does the pancreas release | Insulin and Glucogon |
What is the function of the pancreas | Maintain Blood Sugar Level |
What are the Female Gonads | Ovaries |
What hormone does the Ovaries release | Estrogen and Progesterone |
What are the Male Gonads | Testes |
What hormone do Testes released | Androgens |
Series of organs in body that secrete chemical messengers into blood stream | Endocrine System |
Glands (like Sweat Glands) that secrete out of the body, but are not part of endocrine system that secrete into the body | Exocrine Glands |
Chemical Messengers released by endocrine glands are called | Hormones |
Powerful hormones that can bind INSIDE cells | Steroids |
Class of hormones that directly affect the brain | Epinephrine |
If any body characteristic becomes seriously abnormal, control systems work to bring it back to set-point via | Negative Feedback |
When a body characteristic changes, this increases the magnitude of change | Positive Feedback |
Control by Three-Tier Mechanism | 1. Nervous System 2. Hormonal Control 3. Humeral Control |
Uterine Contraction is an example of what | Positive Feedback Mechanism |
Control by Nervous System | Nervous System |
Release of Adrenaline is an example of what kind of control | Nervous System |
Other Hormones Control secretion of main hormone | Hormonal Control |
Release of thyroid hormone controlled by hypothalamus is an example of what kind of control | Hormonal Control |
Control of hormone levels by blood chemistry | Humoral control |
Insulin secretion depending on blood glucose level is an example of what kind of control | Humoral Control |
What Gland is known as the "Master Gland" | Pituitary Gland |
ADH | Anti Diuretic Hormone |
What does ADH Decrease | Urination |
What does Alcohol and Caffeine do to ADH | Turn Off ADH Production |
DI | Diabetes Insipidus |
Condition caused by under-production of ADH | Diabetes Insipidus (DI) |
Primary Symptom of DI | Excessive Urination |
This is important in maintaining uterine contractions during labor and is involved in milk production in nursing mothers | Oxytocin |
GH | Growth Hormone |
LH | Luteniinzing Hormone |
FSH | Follicular Stimulating Hormone |
TSH | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
MSH | Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone |
PRL | Prolactin |
ACTH | Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone |
What disease is caused by excess cortisol, usually due to benign pituitary tumor | Cushing’s Disease |
Obesity, easy bruising, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and depression are all symptoms of what Disease | Cushing's |
In Children, increased GH release leads to increased height. This is called | Gigantism |
In Adults, increased GH release leads to big hands, legs, tongue, Jaw and forehead. This is called | Acromegaly |
Growth Hormone Deficiency is a cause of what | Dwarfism |
Where is the Thyroid Gland Located | Anterior Portion of the Neck |
Condition characterized by deficient thyroid hormones | Hypothyroidism |
Fatigue, feeling Cold, dry skin, constipation, wt gain, depression, and sexual dysfunction are all symptoms of what | Hypothyroidism |
Autoimmune Hypothyroidism, commonly in females | Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
Condition characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones | Hyperthyroidism |
Irritability, Feeling Hot, most skin, diarrhea, wt. loss, anxiety and nervousness and Infertile are all symptoms of what | Hyperthyroidism |
Hyperthyroidism due to autoimmune attack on thyroid. | Graves’ Disease |
Bulging Eye is a common finding in what | Grave’s Disease |
Where is the Thymus Gland Located | Upper Thorax |
Where is the Pinal gland found | within diencephalon of brain |
What type of diabetes is Early Onset | Type I |
Which Tpe of Diabetes is Insulin Dependent (IDDM) | Type I |
Which type of diabetes is Late Onset | Type II |
Which type of Diabetes is Non-Insulin Dependent (NIDDM) | Type II |
The only treatment for Type I Diabetes is | Insulin |
What treatment is recommended for Type II diabetes | 1. Exercise 2. Oral Meds 3. Insulin |
Characterized by insufficient production of adrenal corticosteroids | Addison's Disease |
What is the Primary Hormone to cope with Stress | Cortisol |
What is increased in Cushing's Disease | Cortisol |
The Vision Center is located in _______ of the brain, crainal nerve associated with vision Optic Nerve | Occipital Lobe |
Part of the eye that acts like a camera | Iris |
Olfactory Sense | Sense of Smell |
Tactile Sense | Sense of Touch |
"Commander in Chief" | Hypothalamus |
"Master Gland" | Pituitary Gland |
"Master Drug" | Steroids |
_____ is used in treatment of inflammation, organ rejection, immune disorders | Steriods like Prednisone |
What is the 5th sense of taste | Umami |
Taste for Glutamates | Umami |
______ are a class of steriod molecules that cause large increases in muscle mass when compared to working out without steriods | Anabolic Steriods |
____ is sense of body orientation | Propinoception |
Ability to point to a body part with eyes closed; ability to know arm is raised without seeing it is an example of what | Propinoception |