| Question | Answer |
| What are the Special Senses | 1. Sight 2. Sound 3. Taste 4. Equilibrium 5. Smell |
| What are the General Senses | 1. Touch, Heat 2. Cold, Pain 3. Nausea, Hunger 4. Thirst, Blance and Pressure |
| ____ Include receptors of skin | Cutaneous Senses |
| _____ Include nausea, hunger, thirst and need to urinate and defecate | Visceral Senses |
| What is the function of the Eyelids | Protection and Moisterizing |
| What is the function of Conjunctiva | Transparent Layer Covering your Eye |
| ______ Produces and stores tears and contains Lacrimal Gland and it's Corresponding Ducts | Lacrimal Apparatus |
| What is the funtion of the Lacrimal Gland | Secretion of Tears |
| What is the Function of the Ducts found in the Lacrimal Apparatus | Transportation |
| Black Part of the Eye | Cornea |
| What is the most functional part of the eye | Cornea |
| White Part of the Eye | Scleara |
| What is the Function of the Cornea | Transparent Covering that allows passage of light |
| What is the funtion of the Scleara | Fibrous Layer for Structure / Protection |
| What is the strongest part of the whole body | Iris |
| Colored Part of the Eye | Iris |
| What is the funtion of the Iris | Sphincter that conrols the opening (Pupil) where light passes into the eye |
| Innermost layer of the eye | Retina |
| Highly Vascularized and Pigmented Region of the eye that provides nourishment to the eye | Choroid |
| What are the two types of Cells contained in the Retina (Photopigments) | 1. Rods 2. Cones |
| Active in dim light, black and white vision | Rods |
| Active in bright light, color vision | Cones |
| How many Muscles are responsible for movement of each eye | 6 |
| Vision Center is located in | Occipital Lobe of the Brain |
| Inflammation of membrane that lines the eye | Conjunctivitis |
| Clounding or Clumping of the lens | Cataract |
| Increased pressure in fluid of the eye, which interferes with optic nerve function | Glaucoma |
| How does the vision gradually Deteriorate in Glaucoma | Peripheral Vision is Reduced FIRST, Tunnel Vision Develops |
| Damage to Retina | Retinopathy |
| What can cause Retinopathy | systemic Diseases like Hypertention or DM |
| Abnormalities in eyey's ability to focus | Refractive Errors |
| Farsightedness | Hyperopia |
| Nearsigntedness | Myopia |
| Farsightedness means objects _____ appear Blurred | Up close |
| Nearsightdness means objects ____ appear Blurred | At a Distance |
| Presbyopia | Farsightdness that occurs with age |
| Treatments for refractive errors | 1. Glasses 2. Contact Lenses 3. Surgical Techniques |
| RK | Radical Keratomy |
| Radical Keratopmy | Makes Incisions around cornea to reshape eyes |
| LASIK | Laser-Assited Keratoileusis |
| Laser-Assisted Keratomileusis | Lasers used to reshape corneal Tissue |
| Amblyopia is also known as | Lazy Eye |
| When does Lazy Eye Occur | In Childhood |
| Nyctalopia | Difficulty seeing at night or in dim light |
| Alteration in Shape of Cornea in which it becomes more oblong or football shaped than spherical; usually hereditary but can result from eye injury | Astigmatism |
| Medical Term for Dry Eye Syndrome | Xeropthalmia |
| Chronic lack of eye lubrication and moisture due to lack of tear production | Dry Eye Syndrome / Xeropthalmia |
| This is the last stage of sleep and can be measured in sleep studies to help diagnose sleep disorders | REM |
| REM | Rapid Eye Movement |
| What are the parts of the Ear | 1. External Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Internal Ear, or labyrinth |
| External Ear starts with ____ and Ends with _____ | Pinna; Tympanic Membrane |
| Function of External Ear | Conduction of Sound |
| External Ear contains | Cerumen / Ear Wax |
| Middle Ear Starts with _____ and ends with _____ | Tympanic Membrane; Oval Window |
| Middle Ear contains 3 bones / ossicles | 1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes |
| Fucntion of the bones in the middle ear | Amplification X 22 |
| In addition to the bones, the Middle Ear contains | the Opening for Eustachian Tube |
| Inner Ear contains 3 spperate Hollow Maze (bony Labyrinth) | 1. Chochlea 2. Vestibule Chamber 3. Semicircular Canals |
| Function of Cochlea | Hearing |
| Function of Vestibule Chamber | Balance |
| Function of Semicircular Canals | Balance and Equilibrium |
| Vestibular and Cochlear Componet Combine together to form | Vestibulo-Cochlear Neve (8th Cranial Nerve) |
| Types of Hearing / Conduction | 1. Air Conduction 2. Bone Conduction 3. Sensorineural Conduction |
| The liver breaks down glycogen into _____ | Glucose |
| ______ is due to a decrease in insulin secreation or decreased sensitivity to insulin | Diabetes Mellitus |
| _____ hormone stimulates tissue growth | Growth |
| The pancreas secretes _____ and _____ | Insulin and Glucose |
| The _____ gland secretes thyroxine | Thyroid |
| Chemical Messengers released by endocrine glands are called _____ | hormones |
| _____ moves calcium into bones | Calcitonin |
| ____ feedback increases the magnitude of change | Positive |
| The ideal value for a body characteristic is called a _____ | Set Point |
| The hormone that decreases urination is ______ hormone | Anti-Diuretic |
| _______ Hormone stimulates sperm production | Lutenizing |
| Uterine contractions are increased by the hormone _____ | Oxytocin |
| The _____ gland is located in the upper thorax | Thymus |
| ______ tissue uses gluclose from blood to form fat | Adipose |
| The ______ within the brian controls temperature | Hypothalamus |
| Many organs can secrete hormones and therefore have ______ - like functions | Endocrine |
| Addison's disease is caused by insufficient production of ____ corticosteroids | Adrenal |
| Appropriate blood glucose levels are vital for cellular _____ | Respiration |
| If GH secretion is insufficient during childhood, children do not grow to the standard height. This is a type of _____ | Dwarfism |
| If stress becomes chronic, the secretion of ______ and cortisol becomes pathological | Epinephrine |
| Hypopituitarism causes loss of any or all anterior ______ hormones, including ACTH, GH, LH, and TSH, causing a variety of symptoms. | Pituitary |
| Stature disorders result in well-below average height (called _____ ) or well-above normal height (called gigantism) | Dwarfism |
| Cushing's syndrome is caused by over-secretion of _____ | Cortisol |
| The adrenal cortex makes dozen of steriod hormones known collectively as ______ | adrenocorticosteriods |
| Glucagon puts glucose into the bloodstream mainly by directing the liver to release stored glucose in the form of _____ | Glycogen |
| The ______ is largely responsible for maintaining blood sugar (glucose)levels at or near a set point | Pancreas |
| The adrenal glands are split into two region: the adrenal cortex, an outer layer, and the _____ the middle of the gland | Adrenal Medulla |
| ______ triggers our sleep by peaking at night and causing drowsiness | Melatonin |
| The _____ gland, locatedd in the anterior portion of your neck and is responsible for secreting the hormones thyroxine (t4) and thriiodothyronine (t3), under orders from the pituitary gland | Thyroid |
| If any of the body's dozens of homeostatic values become seriously disrupted, the control systems work to bring them back to set point. This process is called _______ | Negative Feedback |
| One special class of hormones, ____ is particularly powerful because they can bind to sites inside cells by passing eaisly through the target cell membrane | Steriods |
| The male gonad is responsible for secreting the hormone ____ | Testosterone |
| _______ , the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, is also an autoimmune disorder | Graves Disease |
| Diabetes insipidus is typically caused by an underproduction of ADH due to noncancerous _____ tumors | Pituitary |
| Generally, excessive _____ is the only symptom of diabetes insipidus | Urination |
| Hypopituitarism is characterized by the loss of any of all ____ pituitary hormones | Anterior |
| Stature disorders that result in well-below-average height are called _____ | dwarfism |
| Oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults, after bones have stopped growing, causes _____ | Acromegaly |
| The most common cause of hypothyroidism is ______ | Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
| A common symptom of hyperthyroidism is _____ | Grave's Disease |
| A _____ is the enlargement of the thyroid and can be the result of either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism | Goiter |
| ______ is the primary side effect of insulin therapy | Hypoglycemia |
| If not resolved, _____ can progress to cause mental confusion, seizures, coma and even death | Hypoglycemia |
| _____ is caused by insufficient production of adrenal corticosteroids | Addison's Disease |
| ______ causes excess cortisol in response to stressors | Chronic Stress |
| ____ levels are increased during periods of stress | Cortisol |
| Chronic stress causes both physiological and _____ changes | Psychological |
| The ____ is the colored part of the eye | iris |
| The vitreous humor is in the chamber of the eye ____ the lense | behind |
| The globe-shaped organ of vision is the _____ | eyeball |
| The ____ is the opening through which light passes into the eye | Cornea |
| ____ is a disease characterized by increased pressure in the eye | Glaucoma |
| Nearsightedness is called ____ | Myopia |
| Lazy eye is called _____ | Amblyopia |
| If the eye cannot focus on nearby objects, the condition is called _____ or hyperopia | Farsightedness |
| Pinkeye is a medical condition called | Conjunctivitis |
| A clouded lens is called a | Cataract |
| The bones of the middle ear are the Malleus,Incus and ____ | Stapes |
| The _____ is the external part of the ear | Auricle (Pinna) |
| The eardrum is also called the ______ membrane | Tympanic |
| The tube in the middle ear is called the ______ | Eustachain Tube |
| Acute Conjunctivitis is commonly called _____ and is caused by staphlyococcus aureus | Pink Eye |
| Mastoiditis can potentially lead to _____ infections | Brain |
| In glaucoma, peripheral vision is reduced, which eventually progresses to ____ vision and then blindness | Tunnel |
| Otitis Media can perforate the _____ membrane (Eardrum) | Tympanic |
| Red/green color blindness is an x-linked disorder, so more _____ get the condition | men |
| Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the ____ ear and is usually caused by infections and can cause vertigo | inner |
| Motion sickness occurs in response to excessive stimulation of the _____ receptors in the ears | propioception |
| Tinnitus can be caused by some medications, wax buildup, or various disturbances to the _____ nerve | Auditory |
| Hyperopia is when te eye cannot focus properly on _____ objects | Close |
| Chronic conjunctivitis is caused by _____ trachomatis | Chlamydia |
| Tinnitus can occur as a result of chronic exposure to loud ____ | noises |
| The ____ or colored part of the eye helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye | iris |
| The projecting part of the ear which collects and directs sound waves into the autitory canal is called the pinna or ____ | External Ear |
| _____ (farsightedness) occurs when the eye cannot focus properly on nearby objects | Hyperopia |
| The ______ begins the inner ear and carries the amplified vibrations from the tympanic ossicles | Oval Window |
| Continued sensory stimulation causes some sensors to desensitize in an interesting phenomena called _____ | Adaptation |
| Pain receptors are also called ____ | Nociceptors |
| Pain is felt for as long as the stimulus is there that is causing it or unless a person is under ____ | Anesthesia |
| The _____ glands produce tears, spread over the eye surfaces by blinking, which are needed for constant cleansing and lubrication | Lacrimal |
| The sclera contains a specialized portion called the _____ which is trasparent to allow light rays to pass into the eye | Cornea |
| ______ is caused by increased pressure in the fluid of the eye, which interferes with optic nerve functioning | Claucoma |
| ______ in an inflammation of the membrane that lines the eye characterized by pink or red swollen eyes | Conjuctivitis |
| The acute infective phase of conjunctivits is commonly called | Pink Eye |
| Chronic conjunctivitis is called | Trachoma |
| A _____ is a condition in which the lens loses its flexibility and transparency and light cannot pass through the clouded lens | Catarct |
| _____ is the reduction or loss of central vision in which the peripheral vision is unaffected | Macular Degeneration |
| _____ is the degeneration of the retina, which can cause difficulty seeing at night or in dim light | Nyctalopia |
| ______ is an ifection of the ears caused by bacteria and fungi | External Otitis |
| _____ is an acute infection of the middle ear, commonly caused by a bacteria or virus, and is frequently found in infants and young children | Otitis Media |
| _____ is frequently associated with an Upper Respiratory Infection such as the common cold | Otitis Media |
| If left untreated, otitis media can cause a perforation of the ______ or eardrum | Tympanic Membrane |
| _____ is an inflammation of the inner ear and is usually caused by infections | Labyrinthitis |
| _____ is a chronic condition that affects the labyrinth and leads to progressive hearing loss and vertigo | Meniere's Disease |
| ____ can be either partial or complete andn is caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from inflammation and scarring of the tympanic membrane to auditory nerve and brain damage | Deafness |
| Clinically, _____ can occur as a result of chronic exposure to loud noises, Meniere's Disease, some medications, wax build-up, or various disturbances to the auditory nerve | Tinnitus |
| Pineal Gland secretes what hormone | Melatonin |
| What does Melatonin control | Sleep and Wake |
| What does Hypothalamus produce | ADH and Oxytocin |
| Hypothalamus secretes What | Regulatory Hormones |
| What does Hypothalamus Effect | Controls Pituitary Hormone Levels |
| What are the two types of the Pituitary Gland | Anterior and Posterior |
| What hormone does the Posterior Pituitary release | Oxytocin and ADH |
| What does Pituitary effect | Controls other endocrine organs |
| Parathyroid Gland releases what hormone | Parathyroid Hormone |
| What does the Parathyroid Gland control | Calcium Homeostasis |
| Where are parathyroid glands located | either side of the thyroid |
| What are the sections of the Adrenal Gland | Medulla and Cortex |
| Inner part of the Adrenal Gland | Medulla |
| Outer part of the Adrenal Gland | Cortex |
| What hormone does the Medulla release | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| What hormone does the Cortex release | Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and aldoslerone |
| What hormone does the Thyroid Gland release 3 Throxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin (CT) | |
| Where are the Adrenal Glands located | Top of the Kidney |
| What hormone does the Thymus release | Thymosin |
| Who has a Thymus | Children |
| What is the function of Thymus | Fight Infection; Immunity |
| What hormone does the pancreas release | Insulin and Glucogon |
| What is the function of the pancreas | Maintain Blood Sugar Level |
| What are the Female Gonads | Ovaries |
| What hormone does the Ovaries release | Estrogen and Progesterone |
| What are the Male Gonads | Testes |
| What hormone do Testes released | Androgens |
| Series of organs in body that secrete chemical messengers into blood stream | Endocrine System |
| Glands (like Sweat Glands) that secrete out of the body, but are not part of endocrine system that secrete into the body | Exocrine Glands |
| Chemical Messengers released by endocrine glands are called | Hormones |
| Powerful hormones that can bind INSIDE cells | Steroids |
| Class of hormones that directly affect the brain | Epinephrine |
| If any body characteristic becomes seriously abnormal, control systems work to bring it back to set-point via | Negative Feedback |
| When a body characteristic changes, this increases the magnitude of change | Positive Feedback |
| Control by Three-Tier Mechanism | 1. Nervous System 2. Hormonal Control 3. Humeral Control |
| Uterine Contraction is an example of what | Positive Feedback Mechanism |
| Control by Nervous System | Nervous System |
| Release of Adrenaline is an example of what kind of control | Nervous System |
| Other Hormones Control secretion of main hormone | Hormonal Control |
| Release of thyroid hormone controlled by hypothalamus is an example of what kind of control | Hormonal Control |
| Control of hormone levels by blood chemistry | Humoral control |
| Insulin secretion depending on blood glucose level is an example of what kind of control | Humoral Control |
| What Gland is known as the "Master Gland" | Pituitary Gland |
| ADH | Anti Diuretic Hormone |
| What does ADH Decrease | Urination |
| What does Alcohol and Caffeine do to ADH | Turn Off ADH Production |
| DI | Diabetes Insipidus |
| Condition caused by under-production of ADH | Diabetes Insipidus (DI) |
| Primary Symptom of DI | Excessive Urination |
| This is important in maintaining uterine contractions during labor and is involved in milk production in nursing mothers | Oxytocin |
| GH | Growth Hormone |
| LH | Luteniinzing Hormone |
| FSH | Follicular Stimulating Hormone |
| TSH | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
| MSH | Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone |
| PRL | Prolactin |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone |
| What disease is caused by excess cortisol, usually due to benign pituitary tumor | Cushing’s Disease |
| Obesity, easy bruising, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and depression are all symptoms of what Disease | Cushing's |
| In Children, increased GH release leads to increased height. This is called | Gigantism |
| In Adults, increased GH release leads to big hands, legs, tongue, Jaw and forehead. This is called | Acromegaly |
| Growth Hormone Deficiency is a cause of what | Dwarfism |
| Where is the Thyroid Gland Located | Anterior Portion of the Neck |
| Condition characterized by deficient thyroid hormones | Hypothyroidism |
| Fatigue, feeling Cold, dry skin, constipation, wt gain, depression, and sexual dysfunction are all symptoms of what | Hypothyroidism |
| Autoimmune Hypothyroidism, commonly in females | Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
| Condition characterized by overproduction of thyroid hormones | Hyperthyroidism |
| Irritability, Feeling Hot, most skin, diarrhea, wt. loss, anxiety and nervousness and Infertile are all symptoms of what | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hyperthyroidism due to autoimmune attack on thyroid. | Graves’ Disease |
| Bulging Eye is a common finding in what | Grave’s Disease |
| Where is the Thymus Gland Located | Upper Thorax |
| Where is the Pinal gland found | within diencephalon of brain |
| What type of diabetes is Early Onset | Type I |
| Which Tpe of Diabetes is Insulin Dependent (IDDM) | Type I |
| Which type of diabetes is Late Onset | Type II |
| Which type of Diabetes is Non-Insulin Dependent (NIDDM) | Type II |
| The only treatment for Type I Diabetes is | Insulin |
| What treatment is recommended for Type II diabetes | 1. Exercise 2. Oral Meds 3. Insulin |
| Characterized by insufficient production of adrenal corticosteroids | Addison's Disease |
| What is the Primary Hormone to cope with Stress | Cortisol |
| What is increased in Cushing's Disease | Cortisol |
| The Vision Center is located in _______ of the brain, crainal nerve associated with vision Optic Nerve | Occipital Lobe |
| Part of the eye that acts like a camera | Iris |
| Olfactory Sense | Sense of Smell |
| Tactile Sense | Sense of Touch |
| "Commander in Chief" | Hypothalamus |
| "Master Gland" | Pituitary Gland |
| "Master Drug" | Steroids |
| _____ is used in treatment of inflammation, organ rejection, immune disorders | Steriods like Prednisone |
| What is the 5th sense of taste | Umami |
| Taste for Glutamates | Umami |
| ______ are a class of steriod molecules that cause large increases in muscle mass when compared to working out without steriods | Anabolic Steriods |
| ____ is sense of body orientation | Propinoception |
| Ability to point to a body part with eyes closed; ability to know arm is raised without seeing it is an example of what | Propinoception |
