Question | Answer |
diazepam (valium) | benzodiazepine (LA GABA(B) agonist); anti-anxiety |
triazolam (halcion) | benzodiazepine (SA GABA(B) agonist); sleep induction |
zolpidem (Ambien) | NBRA (non-benzo hypnotic); short-term insomnia |
eszopiclone (lunesta) | NBRA (non-benzo hypnotic); short-term insomnia |
flumazenil | benzo antagonist; treat benzo OD |
disulfiram (antabuse) | blocks aldehyde DH; treat alcohol dependence |
acamprosate (compral) | inhibits NMDARs (prevent glutamate toxicity); treat alcohol w/drawal |
baclofen | GABA(B) agonist; treat spasticity, alcohol dependence (dec alcohol w/drawal sx/anxiety/craving) |
β-carboline carboxyethyl ester | inverse benzo agonist; causes anxiety, muscle spasms, proconvulsant state |
fomepizole | alcohol DH inhibitor; treat methanol intoxication |
phenelzine | MAOI A (CNS, SNS, liver, gut, skin) and MAOI B; irreversible, non-selective; treat depression w/ intesnse anxiety |
tranylcypromine | MAOI A (CNS, SNS, liver, gut, skin) & MAOI B; irreversible, non-selective; treat depression w/ intesnse anxiety |
selegiline | MAOI B (CNS, liver, plt); selective at low dose; treat depression w/ intesnse anxiety |
moclobemide | MAOI; reversible; treat depression w/ intesnse anxiety |
amitriptyline | TCA; 3° amine |
nortriptyline | TCA; 2° amine; best tolerated, blood level corresponds to daily dose |
desipramine | TCA; 2° amine; selective inhibition NE uptake |
clomipramine | TCA; 3° amine; selective inhibition 5HT reuptake |
imipramine | TCA; 3° amine; inhibits both NE and 5HT uptake |
protriptyline | TCA; 2° amine |
doxepin | TCA; 3° amine |
fluoxetine | SSRI; inhibt 5HT reuptake |
sertraline | SSRI; inhibt 5HT reuptake |
citalopram | SSRI; inhibt 5HT reuptake |
escitalopram | SSRI; inhibt 5HT reuptake |
paroxetine | SSRI; inhibt 5HT reuptake |
venlafaxine | SNRI; facilitate 5HT & NE neurotransmission |
desvenlafaxine | SNRI; facilitate 5HT & NE neurotransmission |
duloxetine | SNRI; facilitate 5HT & NE neurotransmission |
buproprion | atypical antidepressant; weak neuronal uptake of NE, 5HT, DA; treat depression, smoking cessation, ADHD |
mirtazipine | atypical antidepressant; Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA); 5HT2 & α2R antagonist, antihistamine |
trazadone | atypical antidepressant; 5HT2A R effect, antihistamine; antidepressant, sleep aid; SE: priapism |
Vilazodone | atypical antidepressant; partial agonist 5HT1A R, modest 5HT reuptake inhibition |
Nefazodone | atypical antidepressant |
Lithium | treat bipolar disorder, unipolar depression augmentation |
chlorpromazine | phenothiazine antipsychotic; low potency block D2R; SE: sedation (H1 block), postural hypotension (α1 block), dry mouth/urin retent/cognitive impair (muscarinic anticholinergic) |
perphenizine | thioxanthene antipsychotic; mid potency block D2R |
haloperidol | butyrophenone antipsychotic; high potency block D2R; hyperprolactinemia SE |
Risperidone | atypical antipsychotic; highest potency D2R inhibition, 5HT2a R inhibition; SE: hyperprolactinemia |
Palliperidone | atypical antipsychotic; D2R & 5HT2a R inhibition |
Ziprasidone | atypical antipsychotic; D2R & 5HT2a R inhibition |
Olanzapine | atypical antipsychotic; D2R & 5HT2a R inhibition; SE: sedation, dry mouth/urin retent, cognitive impair |
Clozapine | atypical antipsychotic; D2R & 5HT2a R inhibition; SE: postural hypotension, sedation, dry mouth/urin retent/cognitive impair |
Quetiapine | atypical antipsychotic; lowest potency D2R & 5HT2a R inhibition; SE: sedation (H1), postural hypotension (α1) |
Aripiprazole | atypical antipsychotic; D2R & 5HT1aR partial agonist & 5HT2a R inhibitor |
morphine | strong opioid R agonist; high affinity μR; analgesic, euphoria, cough depression, miosis, emesis, antidiarrheal, urine retention, cerebral vasodilator (CO2 retent), urticaria, decreased uterine contractions in labor |
methadone | strong opioid R agonist; μR; analgesic and controlled w/drawal opioid dependency |
meperidine | strong opioid R agonist; μR>κR, potent analgesic, euphoric, high abuse liability, midriasis, no affect on labor contractions; MAOI contraindicated (hypertensive crisis) |
fentanyl | strong opioid R agonist; μR, miosis, 100x potency of morphine, highly lipophilic, p450 metab |
oxycodone | strong opioid R agonist; semisynthetic derivative of morphine commonly compounded with acetaminophen & asa |
heroin | strong opioid R agonist; illicit use only, diacetylation of morphine increases potency 3x, increased lipophilicity and cerebral bioavailability |
codeine | moderate opioid R agonist; analgesic, converted to morphine, anti-tussive effect, less abuse liability b/c less analgesic/euphoric, compounded with asa & acetaminophen commonly |
propoxyphene | moderate opioid R agonist; methadone derivative, mild analgesic, 1/2 potency of codeine, OD extremely dangerous (resp dep, cardiotoxicity) |
hydroxycodone | moderate opioid R agonist |
pentazocine | mixed opioid R agonist/antagonist; κR agonist/weak antag; μR antagonist; can ppt w/drawal sx from morphine, increases BP |
buprenorphine | partial opioid R agonist; treats opioid dependence; morphine-like in naïve, w/drawal in users |
tramadol | partial opioid R agonist (weak μ agonist); inhibit 5HT & NE reuptake |
naloxone | opioid R antagonist; potent agonist μ>κ R's, used for rapid reversal opioid OD; resp dep reversal with some sparing of analgesia |
naltrexone | opioid R antagonist; long t1/2; decreases rewarding effects of alcohol; used for outpt treatment of opioid and EtOH abuse |
marijuana | endocannabinoid R agonist; euphoria, perceptual change |
ketamine | NMDA R antagonist (facilitate DA release); dissociative analgesic; high pain tolerance, vertical nystagmus, hyperthermia, hallucination |
phenycyclidine (PCP) | NMDA R antagonist (facilitate DA release); dissociative analgesic; high pain tolerance, vertical nystagmus, hyperthermia, hallucination |
MDMA (ecstasy) | complex effects on monoamines; empathogenic, euphoric, hallucinogenic effects |
methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, theobromine) | phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenosine R antagonism; inc alert, positive inotropic effects, mild diuresis, increase gastric acid secretion |
nicotine | nicotinic cholinergic R agonist |
cocaine | CNS blockade of monoamine transport, esp DA 7 NE, prolonging catecholamine effects; peripheral Na channel inhibition |
amphetamine | indirect agonist enhancing catecholamine release; increases euphoria, attentiveness, pressor effects |
methylphenidate | decreases DA reuptake by inhibiting DAT; derivative that may be smoked |
dextroamphetamine | indirect agonist enhancing catecholamine release; treat ADHD, narcolepsy, pain adjuvant |
varenicline | partial nicotinic cholinergic R agonist for treating nicotine addiction |