Question | Answer |
carbohydrate | any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
monosaccharide | a simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carboydrate |
disaccharide | a sugar formed from two monosaccharides |
polysaccharide | one of the carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars; polysaccharides include starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
amino acid | an organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and an amino group and that makes up proteins; a protein monomer |
peptide bond | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
polypeptide | a long chain of several amino acids |
enzyme | a type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
subtstrate | a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
lipid | a large, nonpolar organic molecule, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes |
fatty acid | an organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils |
triglyceride | a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule |
phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
wax | a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain that is jointed to a long alcohol chain |
steroid | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
nucleotide | in a nucleic-acid chain, a sbunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base |