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Unit #6 -
Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
| Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| Operant Chamber | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. |
| Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
| Reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Negative Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note, this is not the same thing as punishment.) |
| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Partial Reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
| Punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |
| Cognitive Map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
| Latent Learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. |
| Observational Learning | learning by observing others. |
| Modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. |
| Prosocial Behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Conditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). |
| Unconditioned Response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
| Associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
| Classical Conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |
| Acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. |
| Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
| Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
| Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. |
| Learned Helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
| Higher Order Conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified number of responses. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Variable - Interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Insight | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
| Latent Learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it. |
| Biofeedback | a system of electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. |
Created by:
AP Psychology 2011